Pengepungan Mariupol bermula pada 24 Februari 2022 dan berlangsung hingga 20 Mei sebagai bagian dari invasi Rusia ke Ukraina. Dalam pengepungan ini, Angkatan Bersenjata Rusia bersama dengan Milisi Rakyat Republik Rakyat Donetsk bertempur dengan Angkatan Bersenjata Ukraina untuk menguasai Mariupol, Donetsk. Pengepungan yang berlangsung selama hampir tiga bulan ini berakhir dengan kemenangan Rusia dan Republik Rakyat Donetsk, manakala Ukraina kehilangan kendali atas kota ini di tengah serangan Ukraina Timur, dan serangan Ukraina Selatan oleh Rusia; semua pasukan Ukraina yang tersisa di Mariupol menyerah di Pabrik Besi dan Baja Azovstal pada 20 Mei,[46][47] setelah mereka diperintahkan untuk menghentikan pertempuran.[48][49][21][50]
Selama pengepungan oleh Rusia, Palang Merah menggambarkan keadaan di Mariupol membimbangkan, sementara pihak berwenang Ukraina menuduh Rusia merekayasa krisis kemanusiaan besar di kota tersebut.[51][52] Pejabat Ukraina melaporkan bahwa sekitar 25.000 warga sipil tewas dan sekitar 95% dari wilayah kota ini telah hancur selama pertempuran,[44] terutama oleh pengeboman skala besar yang dilakukan Rusia.[53] Dalam pernyataan resmi, Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa mengonfirmasi kematian 1.348 warga sipil di Mariupol, tetapi memperingatkan bahwa jumlah korban tewas yang sebenarnya kemungkinan besar ialah beberapa ribu lebih tinggi, sementara juga melaporkan bahwa 90% bangunan tempat tinggal di kota ini telah rusak atau hancur seluruhnya.[40][41][42]
Lihat pula
sunting- Perang di Donbas (2014โ2022)
- Pendudukan Oblast Donetsk oleh Rusia
- Pendudukan Oblast Luhansk oleh Rusia
- Garis waktu invasi Rusia ke Ukraina
Catatan
sunting- ^ a b c National Guard of Ukraine
- ^ Later left Mariupol to fight in the battle of Kyiv.[26][27]
- ^ More than 4,000 claimed killed before the start of the Azovstal siege mid-April,[32] with another 152 bodies said to be found following the Azovstal siege,[33] for a total of 4,152+ claimed killed (rounded to 4,200, representing an appropriate degree of precision).
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tanda
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaUkrainianPOW
Referensi
sunting- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tanda
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamanytimes16 - ^ "A timeline of how the Azovstal steelworks in Mariupol fell". The Week (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2022-06-11.
- ^ Taylor, Adam; Branigin, William (1 April 2022). "Russian general dubbed 'butcher of Mariupol' is a mystery to experts". The Washington Post. Diakses tanggal 21 July 2022.
- ^ Batchelor, Tom (25 March 2022). "'Butcher of Mariupol' accused of ordering maternity hospital bombing six years after destroying Aleppo". The Independent. Diakses tanggal 30 March 2022.
- ^ "Russian media claim Ukrainian Marine commander in captivity after leaving Azovmash plant". 8 May 2022.
- ^ "Two defenders of Mariupol became Heroes of Ukraine". 19 March 2022. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 24 March 2022. Diakses tanggal 19 March 2022.
- ^ "ะะฐ "ะะทะพะฒััะฐะปะธ" ัะดะฐะปัั ะบะพะผะฐะฝะดะธั ะฑะฐัะฐะปัะพะฝะฐ "ะะทะพะฒ"" (dalam bahasa Rusia). RBK Group.
- ^ Official appeal of Azov commander, the major Denis Prokopenko, to the world community. ะะฐััะพะฝะฐะปัะฝะธะน ะะพัะฟัั. 7 March 2022. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 18 March 2022. Diakses tanggal 19 March 2022 โ via YouTube.
- ^ a b c "Russian Invasion Of Ukraine: The Battle Of Mariupol, Or A Ukrainian Stalingrad". Warsaw Institute. 15 March 2022. Diakses tanggal 7 May 2022.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tanda
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaAP 2022-03-15 - ^ Lock, Samantha; Anguiano, Dani; Luscombe, Richard; Chao-Fong, Lรฉonie; Belam, Martin; Belam (Earlier), Martin (20 April 2022). "Russian forces seize Kreminna in eastern Ukraine's Donbas region โ as it happened". The Guardian.
- ^ Clark, Mason; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (16 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 16" (dalam bahasa Inggris). Institute for the Study of War. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 23 March 2022. Diakses tanggal 19 March 2022.
- ^ a b Mendick, Robert (28 March 2022). "Devastated Mariupol teeters on the brink, but Ukrainian troops refuse to abandon the fallen". Yahoo! News.
- ^ Matthew Loh (6 April 2022). "A soldier wearing Nazi imagery was given a medal by a Russia-backed separatist republic for killing Ukrainian 'nationalists'". Yahoo! Sports. Diakses tanggal 11 April 2022.
- ^ Steshin, Dmitry (15 March 2022). "ะะปะตะบัะฐะฝะดั ะฅะพะดะฐะบะพะฒัะบะธะน: ะั ะฒ ะะฐัะธัะฟะพะปั ะดะฒะต ะฝะตะดะตะปะธ ะฒะณััะทะฐะตะผัั. ะ ััั ะฟัะธะตั ะฐะปะธ ัะตัะตะฝัั โ ะบัะฐัะธะฒัะต, ะฑะพัะพะดะฐััะต โ ัััั ะบะพะปะพะฝะฝะพะน ะฝะฐ ะณะพัะพะด ะฝะต ะฟะพัะปะธ". Komsomolskaya Pravda (dalam bahasa Rusia).
- ^ a b c d Zelenskyy, Volodymyr (19 March 2022). "Meaningful talks on peace and security for Ukraine are the only chance for Russia to reduce the damage from its own mistakes". President of Ukraine. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2022.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tanda
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaDW 2022-03-16 - ^ Kovalenko, Serhiy (2 April 2022). "ะะผะธััะพ ะะฟัั ััะฝ ะณะตัะพััะฝะพ ะทะฐะณะธะฝัะฒ, ะพะฑะพัะพะฝัััะธ ะะฐัััะฟะพะปั". ArmyInform (dalam bahasa Ukraina).
- ^ "ะะปะตะณ ะััะดะทะตะฒะธั. ะะพะผะฐะฝะดะธั, ัะบะธะน ะฒะธะฒัะฒ ัะฒัะน ะฟัะดัะพะทะดัะป ะท ะพะบัะฟะพะฒะฐะฝะพะณะพ ะะฐัััะฟะพะปั". ะะปะฐะฒะบะพะผ | Glavcom (dalam bahasa Ukraina). 2022-08-13. Diakses tanggal 2022-08-26.
- ^ a b Tom Bateman (13 April 2022). "Ukraine: The critical fight for 'heart of this war' Mariupol". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 27 April 2022.
I want to separately address those heroes who are having a very hard time. Those who defend Mariupol. A marine battalion of the 36th marine brigade, Azov special operations detachment, 12th operational brigade of the National Guard of Ukraine. Subdivisions of the State Border Guard Service. Volunteers of the "Right Sector". The 555th military hospital and National Police employees.
- ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tanda
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamarescue500 - ^ "Russian invasion update: Ukraine repels tank attack, captures six Russians in Mariupol". Ukrinform. 27 February 2022. Diakses tanggal 27 April 2022.
- ^ Thomas Eydoux (30 March 2022). "In Mariupol, a war of images to prove who controls the city". The Observers โ France 24. Diakses tanggal 27 April 2022.
- ^ MacKinnon, Mark (13 April 2022). "Fight for Mariupol not over, commander of foreign legion says, despite Russian claims more than 1,000 Ukrainian marines surrendered". The Globe and Mail (dalam bahasa Canadian English). Diakses tanggal 8 May 2022.
- ^ Adler, Nils; King, Laura (28 January 2022). "'Everything that needs to be done': Ukraine citizen soldiers prepare for Russia threat". Los Angeles Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 23 March 2022. Diakses tanggal 21 March 2022.
Its defenders โ both the regular Ukraine army and the irregular forces mustering for battle
- ^ a b Krikunenko, Iryna (7 April 2022). "ะัะฐั ะฟะพ ะทะฑัะพั. ะะพะผะฐะฝะดะธั ัะตัะตะฝััะบะธั ะดะพะฑัะพะฒะพะปัััะฒ, ัะบะธะน ะฒะพัั ะทะฐ ะฃะบัะฐัะฝั, ัะพะทะฟะพะฒัะดะฐั ะฟัะพ ัะฒะพั ััะธ ะฒัะนะฝะธ ะท ะ ะพัััั". NV (dalam bahasa Ukraina).
- ^ a b Gribchatov, Evgeny (26 April 2022). "ะะฐะดััะพะฒ ะพะฑััะฒะธะป ะฝะฐะณัะฐะดั 1 ะผะปะฝ ะดะพะปะปะฐัะพะฒ ะทะฐ ะธะฝัะพัะผะฐัะธั ะพ ัะตัะตะฝัะบะธั ะฑะพะตะฒะธะบะฐั ะฒ ะะฐัะธัะฟะพะปะต". Moskovskij Komsomolets (dalam bahasa Rusia).
- ^ a b "Hundreds of thousands face catastrophe in Mariupol". The Economist. 21 March 2022. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 24 March 2022. Diakses tanggal 21 March 2022.
Ukrainian forces in Mariupol are vastly outnumbered, with 3,500 soldiers facing 14,000 invaders, around a tenth of the total estimated Russian force in the country.
- ^ "Putin says Russia has seized Mariupol, calls off storm of Ukrainian troops". Fortune.
- ^ "Over 8,000 Ukrainian troops, mercenaries were in Mariupol at time of encirclement โ Shoigu". TASS.
- ^ "Azov officer: Russian forces lost about 6,000 troops in Mariupol". The Kyiv Independent. 14 May 2022. Diakses tanggal 14 May 2022.
- ^ "Russia Says All Urban Areas of Mariupol Cleared of Ukrainian Forces". Voice of America.
- ^ "Mariupol mayor's aide challenges rebel claim of mass body find". BBC News. 31 May 2022.
- ^ "As part of exchanges with Russia, Ukraine received more than 400 bodies of soldiers". Diakses tanggal 12 July 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine returned the bodies of another 45 fallen soldiers โ News".
- ^ "Another transfer of bodies took place: 17 fallen defenders returned โ News".
- ^ "Another 16 bodies of dead defenders who defended Mariupol were brought to Kyiv โ News".
- ^ "541 bodies of Ukrainian defenders brought back to Ukraine Commissioner for Missing Persons". Yahoo News.
- ^ More than 1,000 reported surrendered before the start of the Azovstal siege mid-April, "Azov Regiment believes Russian troops should have been stopped on Crimeas border". Ukrayinska Pravda. 8 May 2022 โ via Yahoo! News. with another 2,500 surrendering following the Azovstal siege, Leo Sands (6 June 2022). "Ukraine war: Severodonetsk and Lysychansk are dead cities - Zelensky". BBC News. for a total of 3,500+ prisoners taken.
- ^ a b "High Commissioner updates the Human Rights Council on Mariupol, Ukraine". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
- ^ a b Regan, Helen; Khalil, Hafsa; Guy, Jack; Upright, Ed; Hammond, Elise; Vogt, Adrienne; Sangal, Aditi (17 June 2022). "UN says more than 1,300 civilians killed in Mariupol โ but true toll "likely thousands higher"". CNN.
- ^ a b "UN says more than 1,300 civilians killed in Mariupol โ but true toll "likely thousands higher"". 17 June 2022.
- ^ "Russia says 3,000 civilians killed in Mariupol, blames Ukraine". anews.
- ^ a b "The agony of not knowing, as Mariupol mass burial sites grow". BBC News. 7 November 2022. Diakses tanggal 10 Nov 2022.
- ^ "Occupying forces have deported more than 50,000 Mariupol residents to Russia and temporarily occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts". Ukrayinska Pravda (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2022-06-14.
- ^ "Russia says remaining 531 Azovstal defenders surrender, steelworks siege over". 20 May 2022.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tanda
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamatrapped - ^ "Ukraine war: Last Ukrainian troops in Mariupol told to stop defence of city". Sky News.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tanda
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama22 April analysis - ^ "Russia Says All Urban Areas of Mariupol Cleared of Ukrainian Forces". Voice of America. 16 April 2022. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 18 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 18 April 2022.
- ^ "Russia accused of 'holding 400,000 people hostage' in Mariupol". The Guardian. 9 March 2022. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 9 March 2022. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2022.
- ^ "Photos: Mariupol residents suffer as Russian forces lay siege". Al Jazeera. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 9 March 2022. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2022.
- ^ Holly Ellyatt (18 April 2022). "Mariupol hasn't surrendered to Russia, PM says; at least 5 dead, 20 injured in Kharkiv attack". CNBC. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 18 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 18 April 2022.
Pranala luar
sunting- article about 11 year old Ukrainian gymnast Kateryna Dyachenko who was killed during shelling in Mariupol on 22 March, Yahoo! News UK.
- Video of recently evacuated Mariupol civilians speaking about desperate conditions in the city, endless shelling, mass casualties and people having mental breakdowns under siege, 8 April 2022, BBC News.
- Video of drone flyover of apartment buildings being bombed in Mariupol. News.com.au, The News Room, 15 March 2022.
- Video of tanks firing repeatedly on apartment buildings in Mariupol, civilians in hospital, woman crying for dead children. AP News, 12 March 2022.
- Video of aftermath, including injured pregnant woman being carried, after Russian airstrike on hospital in Mariupol, Ukraine. Sky News, 9 March 2022
- Video posted on Twitter by a Ukrainian soldier in Mariupol โ of shelling and damage in the city. 5 March 2022.
- Video, Sergei Orlov, Deputy Mayor of Mariupol, alleges that on 5 March Russian forces targeted and shelled civilian gathering areas where people were preparing to evacuate the city. Channel 4 News, London.
