Rezim 4 Agustus 📖 Wikipedia

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Kerajaan Yunani

Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδοςcode: grc is deprecated
*Vasílion tis Elládos*
Kerajaan Yunani; Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος; Vasílion tis Elládos
1936–1941
	Bendera negara Lambang
	Semboyan: Eleftheria i Thanatos; Ελευθερία ή θάνατος; "Merdeka atau Mati"
	Lagu kebangsaan: Ýmnos is tin Eleftherían; Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν; "Kidung Kemerdekaan"
	Lambang tak resmi;
Ibu kota; [[Daftar kota di {{{common_name}}}\|(dan kota terbesar)]]	Athena
Bahasa yang umum digunakan	Bahasa Yunani
Agama	Ortodoks Yunani
Demonim	Orang Yunani
Pemerintahan	Monarki konstitusional uniter di bawah kediktatoran militer nonpartisan Metaxis
Raja
• 1936–1941	George II
Perdana Menteri
• 1936–1941	Ioannis Metaxas
• 1941	Alexandros Koryzis
• 1941	George II
• 1941	Emmanouil Tsouderos
Sejarah
• Didirikan	4 Agustus 1936
• Invasi Italia	28 Oktober 1940
• Kematian Metaxas	29 Januari 1941
• Invasi Jerman	6 April 1941
• Kematian Koryzis	18 April 1941
• Yunani menyerah	23 April 1941
Mata uang	Drachma Yunani
Didahului oleh	Digantikan oleh
	krjKerajaan yunani
Pemerintahan dalam pengasingan Yunani
Negara Hellenik
Sekarang bagian dari	Yunani
	Sunting kotak info • Lihat • BicaraBantuan penggunaan templat ini

Rezim 4 Agustus (Yunani: Καθεστώς της 4ης Αυγούστου, romanized: Kathestós tis tetártis Avgoústoucode: el is deprecated ), yang juga lebih dikenal sebagai rezim Metaxas (Καθεστώς Μεταξάcode: el is deprecated , Kathestós Metaxá), adalah sebuah rezim diktatorial di bawah kepemimpinan Jenderal Ioannis Metaxas yang memerintah Kerajaan Yunani dari 1936 sampai 1941.

Pada 4 Agustus 1936, Metaxas, dengan dukungan Raja George II, menangguhkan parlemen Yunani dan memimpin pemerintahan konservatif, sangat anti-komunis dan ultranasionalis di bawah ideologi Metaxisme, yang disebut sebagai sistem non-fasis konservatif otoritarian^[1] atau, dalam kajian terkini, ragam fasisme Yunani;^[2]^[3]^[4]^[a] sebuah posisi tengah yang menjadikan rezim tersebut dengan komponen fasis yang kuat^[5] atau rezim para-fasis.^[6] Metaxas sendiri dan beberapa sejarawan sejaman menyebut pemerintahan tersebut bersifat totalitarian.^[7]^[8] Dalam simbolisme dan retorikanya, rezim tersebut mengambil inspirasi dari Fasis Italia, sebelum menjalin hubungan dekat dengan Inggris dan Republik Ketiga Prancis, alih-alih Blok Poros.

Catatan

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^ The 4th of August Regime synthesized elements of authoritarian conservatism—such as its reverence for the Orthodox Church—with fascist aesthetics, organizational methods, and ideological influences. Metaxas’s promotion of a "Third Hellenic Civilization" echoes similar narratives of national rebirth seen in the "Third Rome" (Fascist Italy) and the "Third Reich" (Nazi Germany), aligning with the fascist concept of national palingenesis. Thus, while Metaxas himself may not have been a fascist, there is a strong argument that the regime he led bore the hallmarks of fascism.

Kutipan

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^ Payne, Stanley G (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-14874-2.
^ Cliadakis, Harry (2014). Fascism in Greece: The Metaxas Dictatorship 1936-1941. Verlag Franz Philipp Rutzen. ISBN 978-3-447-10188-2.^{[halaman dibutuhkan]}
^ Kallis, Aristotle (2010). "Neither Fascist nor Authoritarian: The 4th of August Regime in Greece (1936-1941) and the Dynamics of Fascistisation in 1930s Europe". East Central Europe. 37 (2–3): 303–330. doi:10.1163/187633010X534504.
^ Kallis, Aristotle; Souvlis, George (16 November 2022). "Editorial Introduction: Re-assessing the Metaxas Dictatorship (1936–1941)—Greek Fascism or Old-Style Authoritarianism?". Fascism. 11 (2): 159–167. doi:10.1163/22116257-bja10047.
^ Lee, Stephen J. (2016). European Dictatorships 1918-1945. doi:10.4324/9781315646176. ISBN 978-1-317-29422-1. OCLC 939519277.^{[halaman dibutuhkan]}
^ Griffin, Roger; Feldman, Matthew, ed. (2004). Fascism: The 'fascist epoch'. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-29019-7.^{[halaman dibutuhkan]}
^ Roberts, David D. (2016). Fascist Interactions: Proposals for a New Approach to Fascism and Its Era, 1919-1945. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78533-130-5.^{[halaman dibutuhkan]}
^ Kallis, Aristotle A. (June 2007). "Fascism and Religion: The Metaxas Regime in Greece and the 'Third Hellenic Civilisation'. Some Theoretical Observations on 'Fascism', 'Political Religion' and 'Clerical Fascism'". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 8 (2): 229–246. doi:10.1080/14690760701321148.

Referensi

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Clogg, Richard (1992). A Concise History of Greece. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37228-2.
Clogg, Richard (1987). Parties and Elections in Greece: The Search for Legitimacy. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-0794-5.
Hamilakis, Yannis (2007). The Nation and its Ruins: Antiquity, Archaeology, and National Imagination in Greece. doi:10.1093/oso/9780199230389.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-923038-9.

Bacaan tambahan

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Higham, Robin D. S.; Veremēs, Thanos, ed. (1993). The Metaxas Dictatorship: Aspects of Greece, 1936–1940. Hellenic Foundation for Defense and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP). ISBN 978-960-7061-14-0. OCLC 1409559112.
Hondros, John Louis (1983). Occupation and Resistance: The Greek Agony, 1941–44. Pella Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-918618-19-1.
McNeill, William Hardy (1978). The Metamorphosis of Greece Since World War II. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-56156-1.
Pelt, Mogens (December 2001). "The Establishment and Development of the Metaxas Regime in the Context of Nazi Fascism, 1936-41". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 2 (3): 143–172. doi:10.1080/714005461.
Vatikiotis, P.J., ed. (2014). Popular Autocracy in Greece, 1936-1941. doi:10.4324/9780203760956. ISBN 978-1-134-72926-5.
Papacosma, S. Victor (2007). "Ioannis Metaxas and the 'Fourth of August' Dictatorship in Greece". Dalam Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (ed.). Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe. Purdue University Press. hlm. 165–198. ISBN 978-1-55753-455-2.
Petrakis, Marina (2006). The Metaxas Myth: Dictatorship and Propaganda in Greece. doi:10.5040/9780755621941. ISBN 978-1-8451-1037-6. OCLC 67140072.
Woodhouse, Christopher Montague (1991). Modern Greece: A Short History. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-16122-5.

Pranala luar

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Metaxas Project, a website about 4 August state
Symbols of the Metaxas regime
Flagspot: The National Youth Organization
ioannismetaxas.gr, a website about Ioannis Metaxas' life, made by his granddaughter

Artikel bertopik Yunani ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[5] The 4th of August Regime synthesized elements of authoritarian conservatism—such as its reverence for the Orthodox Church—with fascist aesthetics, organizational methods, and ideological influences. Metaxas’s promotion of a "Third Hellenic Civilization" echoes similar narratives of national rebirth seen in the "Third Rome" (Fascist Italy) and the "Third Reich" (Nazi Germany), aligning with the fascist concept of national palingenesis. Thus, while Metaxas himself may not have been a fascist, there is a strong argument that the regime he led bore the hallmarks of fascism.

[stanpayne-1] Payne, Stanley G (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-14874-2.

[2] Cliadakis, Harry (2014). Fascism in Greece: The Metaxas Dictatorship 1936-1941. Verlag Franz Philipp Rutzen. ISBN 978-3-447-10188-2.^{[halaman dibutuhkan]}

[3] Kallis, Aristotle (2010). "Neither Fascist nor Authoritarian: The 4th of August Regime in Greece (1936-1941) and the Dynamics of Fascistisation in 1930s Europe". East Central Europe. 37 (2–3): 303–330. doi:10.1163/187633010X534504.

[4] Kallis, Aristotle; Souvlis, George (16 November 2022). "Editorial Introduction: Re-assessing the Metaxas Dictatorship (1936–1941)—Greek Fascism or Old-Style Authoritarianism?". Fascism. 11 (2): 159–167. doi:10.1163/22116257-bja10047.

[6] Lee, Stephen J. (2016). European Dictatorships 1918-1945. doi:10.4324/9781315646176. ISBN 978-1-317-29422-1. OCLC 939519277.^{[halaman dibutuhkan]}

[7] Griffin, Roger; Feldman, Matthew, ed. (2004). Fascism: The 'fascist epoch'. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-29019-7.^{[halaman dibutuhkan]}

[8] Roberts, David D. (2016). Fascist Interactions: Proposals for a New Approach to Fascism and Its Era, 1919-1945. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78533-130-5.^{[halaman dibutuhkan]}

[Kallis_2007_Fascism_and_Religion-9] Kallis, Aristotle A. (June 2007). "Fascism and Religion: The Metaxas Regime in Greece and the 'Third Hellenic Civilisation'. Some Theoretical Observations on 'Fascism', 'Political Religion' and 'Clerical Fascism'". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 8 (2): 229–246. doi:10.1080/14690760701321148.

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Rezim 4 Agustus 📖 Wikipedia

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