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Circassian: ะะฑะดะทะฐั
| |
|---|---|
  | |
| Total population | |
| Approximately 500,000; mostly in Turkey. | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Turkey | 500,000 |
| Languages | |
| Adyghe (Abzakh dialect) | |
| Religion | |
| Sunni Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Circassian tribes | |
The Abzakh (Circassian: ะะฑะดะทะฐั , Abdzakh; Russian: ะฐะฑะฐะดะทะตั ะธ) also known as Abdzakhs or Abadzekhs are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag.[3] Historically, they lived in the mountainous part of the modern Russian republics of Adygea and Krasnodar Krai. Major settlements or villages were located in the river valleys Kurdzhips, Psheha, Pshish, and Psekups.
However, today the vast majority of them live in diaspora in Turkey โ about 500,000 people, which are the descendants of those expelled from their homeland as a result of the RussianโCircassian War. After Kabardians, the Abzakh are the second-largest Adyghe tribe in Turkey, other diaspora countries, and in the world in general. They are also the second-largest Adyghe tribe in Israel (after Shapsugs), largest in Jordan, and the sixth-largest in Russia. The Abzakhs are not to be confused with the Abkhazians or the Abaza, yet the naming "abadz'ekh" in Circassian language means "the people who live under the Abazas", but they are different in language.
History
edit
Before the Caucasian War, Abzakhs inhabited the northern slope of the Caucasus mountain range, near the land of the Shapsug tribe. They were grouped into highland and lowland Abzakhs and favored close relations with the Ubykhs, whom they practically regarded as their own kin.[4]
In 1834, together with the Shapsugs and the Nathukajs, they swore an oath to fight against the Russians.[4] The Abzakhs were reluctant to join non-Circassian commanders, which is why Muhammad Amin failed to win over the Abzakh, most of whom backed Seferbiy Zaneqo.
After the Caucasian war, most Abzakhs (and other tribes) were deported to the Ottoman Empire, the remaining Abzakhs were relocated to the present-day steppe Shovgenovsky District in Adygea.
Culture
editThe Abzakh tribe was traditionally divided into nine companies, managed by elected elders. In discussing and resolving important issues elders agreed in a general meeting. Among Circassians, Abzakhs were considered the most warlike.[4]
The Abzakh tribe didn't have a prince class, but had a noble class, which they hadn't absolute authority over the people. The Abzakh tribe was referred to as a republic in the sources.[1] Recorded noble families as follows: Anchoq, Beshuq, Djanchat, Ashnazh, Beta, Daur, Guta, Yinemuq / Yenemuq, Yedij, Kuba, Kobl, Tlish, Tsey, Hatqo, Khushteqo,[5] Nedjuq.[1][2]
Circassians, including the Abzakhs, frequently used the tamga culture.[6] The Abzakh tribe engaged in arable farming and horticulture, and kept many animals, especially prized horses. In the mountains, the Abzakh mined copper, iron, lead, and silver.
Since the early 19th century, their dominant religion is Sunni Islam.
Language
editThe Abzakh people speak a sub-dialect (Adyghe: ะะฑะดะทะฐั ัะฑะทั) of the West Adyghe dialect of the Circassian language.[7]
Israel
editAbout 1,123 Abzakh people live in the Rehaniya, in Galilee (Northern District, Israel), where there is an Adyghe museum.
In 1958, Abzakhs (and other Adyghe tribes) of Israel were allowed to enter military service, which gave them a number of privileges. In Israel, the Abzakh are the second largest Adyghe tribe, after the Shapsug.
Notable people
edit- Hulusi Salih Pasha (1885โ1939); Ottoman Grand Vizier (1920), admiral, the first Minister of Navy of the Republic of Turkey
- Khirtsizhiqo Ale (?-1836); Military commander
- Hasan Bish; Abzakh representative of Circassian Parliament.
- Wumar Bersey (1807-?); Writer, poem, fabulist, translator and teacher.
- Hasan Bish; Abdzakh Representative of Circassian Majlis[8]
- Hatirbay Tsey; Delegate of the Circassian Parliament during negotiations with Tsar Alexander II in 1861 and a military chieftain[9][10]
- Aslanbech Hajemuqo Pshimaf; Delegate of the Circassian Parliament and a noble[9][10]
- Ibrahim Salehovich Tsey (1890-1936); One of the founders of Adyghe literature and a writer
- Jawdat Said (1931-2022); Islamic scholar
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c ะัััะบะพะฒ-ะขะฐัะฐัะพะฒ, ะ. ะ. (1902). "ะะฑะฐะดะทะตั ะธ (ะััะพัะธะบะพ-ััะฝะพะณัะฐัะธัะตัะบะธะน ะพัะตัะบ)" [Abadzekhs (Historical and Ethnographic Essay)] (PDF). ะะฐะฟะธัะบะธ ะะฐะฒะบะฐะทัะบะพะณะพ ะพัะดะตะปะฐ ะ ัััะบะพะณะพ ะณะตะพะณัะฐัะธัะตัะบะพะณะพ ะพะฑัะตััะฒะฐ (in Russian). 22 (4): 404, 408, 427.
- ^ a b ะัะปัะต, ะะตะพะฝัะธะน ะฏะบะพะฒะปะตะฒะธั (1990). ะงะตัะบะตััะธั: ะธััะพัะธะบะพ-ััะฝะพะณัะฐัะธัะตัะบะธะต ััะฐััะธ [Circassia: historical and ethnographic articles] (PDF) (in Russian). ะกะตะฒะตัะพ-ะะฐะฒะบะฐะทัะบะธะน ัะธะปะธะฐะป ััะฐะดะธัะธะพะฝะฝะพะน ะบัะปััััั ะ.ะฆ.ะข.ะ. ยซะะพะทัะพะถะดะตะฝะธะตยป (1990). p.ย 14.
- ^ "Circassians". Adiga-home.net. 2010. Archived from the original on August 20, 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
The 12 Circassian tribes: Abadzeh Besleney Bzhedug Yegeruqay Zhaney Kabarday Mamheg Natuhay Temirgoy Ubyh Shapsug Hatukay. The twelve stars on the Adyghe flag also refer to the twelve tribes.
- ^ a b c Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes' geographischer Anstalt "uber wichtige neue Erforschungen auf dem Gesammtgebiete der Geographie (in German). H. Haack. 1860.
- ^ ะฅะฐะฝ-ะะธัะตะน, ะกัะปัะฐะฝ (1836). ะะฐะฟะธัะบะธ ะพ ะงะตัะบะตัะธะธ (PDF). p.ย 201.
- ^ ะฏะฅะขะะะะะะ, ะฅ.ะฅ. (2006). ะะะซะะกะะะ ะขะะะะ [Circassian tamgas] (in Russian). Nalchik: ะะฐะฑะฐัะดะธะฝะพ-ะะฐะปะบะฐััะบะธะน ะณะพััะดะฐัััะฒะตะฝะฝัะน ัะฝะธะฒะตััะธัะตั ะธะผ. ะฅ.ะ. ะะตัะฑะตะบะพะฒะฐ. p.ย 18.
- ^ Abzakh sub-dialect Archived 2015-05-18 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
- ^ ะะฐััะทะพะฒะฐ ะ. ะะฐัะตัะธะฐะปั ะฟะพ ัะพะปัะบะปะพัั, ััะฝะพะณัะฐัะธะธ ะธ ะธััะพัะธะธ ะฐะดัะณะพะฒ. ะะธะพะณัะฐัะธะธ ะทะฝะฐะผะตะฝะธััั ัะตัะบะตัะพะฒ // ะะฐัะดะถ. ะะฐัะธะถ. 1929. โ44.
- ^ a b Natho, Kadir I. (2009-12-03). Circassian History. Xlibris Corporation. p.ย 362. ISBNย 978-1-4653-1699-8.
- ^ a b "รงar ฤฑฤฑ. aleksandr'ฤฑn abzehlerle gรถrรผลmesi". studylibtr.com. Retrieved 2024-10-20.
