The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus, sering disingkat menjadi Titus Andronicus, adalah sebuah tragedi karya William Shakespeare, dipercaya telah ditulis antara tahun 1588 dan 1593. Drama ini dianggap sebagai tragedi pertama Shakespeare dan sering dilihat sebagai upayanya untuk meniru drama balas dendam yang penuh kekerasan dan berdarah dari para penulis sezamannya, yang sangat populer di kalangan penonton sepanjang abad ke-16.[1]
Titus, seorang jenderal di tentara Romawi, menampilkan Tamora, Ratu Goth, sebagai budak kaisar Romawi baru, Saturninus. Saturninus menikahi Tamora. Dari posisi ini, Tamora bersumpah untuk membalas dendam kepada Titus karena telah membunuh putranya. Titus dan keluarganya membalas, yang menyebabkan siklus kekerasan berulang.
Titus Andronicus awalnya sangat populer, tetapi pada akhir abad ke-17, popularitasnya menurun. Pada Era Victoria tidak mementaskannya, sebagian besar karena kekerasan grafisnya. Reputasinya mulai membaik sekitar pertengahan abad ke-20,[2] namun, drama ini tetap menjadi salah satu karya Shakespeare yang paling kurang dihargai.
Kisah Titus Andronikus
suntingTokoh utama
sunting- Titus Andronikus, jenderal Romawi melawan bangsa Goth
- Lucius, Quintus, Martius, Mutius, putra-putra Titus
- Lucius Muda, cucu Titus, anak Lucius
- Lavinia, putri Titus
- Marcus Andronikus, saudara Titus
- Publius, anak Marcus
- Tamora, ratu bangsa Goth
- Alarbus, Demetrius, Chiron, putra-putra Tamora
Versi Film
sunting- Titus (1999), disutradarai oleh Julie Taymor. Dibintangi oleh Anthony Hopkins dan Jessica Lange sebagai Titus dan Tamora.
Referensi
suntingKutipan
suntingAll references to Titus Andronicus, unless otherwise specified, are taken from the Oxford Shakespeare (Waith), based on the Q1 text of 1594 (except 3.2, which is based on the folio text of 1623). Under its referencing system, 4.3.15 means act 4, scene 3, line 15.
- ^ Cook, Ann Jennalie (1981). The Privileged Playgoers of Shakespeare's London. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBNย 9780691064543. Menyajikan informasi mendalam tentang kesukaan dan ketidaksukaan penonton teater pada saat itu.
- ^ Massai (2001: xxi)
Editions of Titus Andronicus
sunting- Adams, Joseph Quincy (ed.). Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus: The First Quarto, 1594 (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1936)
- Baildon, Henry Bellyse (ed.). The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus (The Arden Shakespeare, 1st Series; London: Arden, 1912)
- Barnet, Sylvan (ed.). The Tragedy of Titus Andronicus (Signet Classic Shakespeare; New York: Signet, 1963; revised edition, 1989; 2nd revised edition 2005)
- Bate, Jonathan (ed.). Titus Andronicus (The Arden Shakespeare, 3rd Series; London: Arden, 1995)
- Bate, Jonathan and Rasmussen, Eric (eds.). Titus Andronicus and Timon of Athens: Two Classical Plays (The RSC Shakespeare; London: Macmillan, 2008)
- Cross, Gustav (ed.). Titus Andronicus (The Pelican Shakespeare; London: Penguin, 1966; revised edition 1977)
- Dover Wilson, John (ed.). Titus Andronicus (The New Shakespeare; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948)
- Evans, G. Blakemore (ed.). The Riverside Shakespeare (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974; 2nd ed., 1997)
- Greenblatt, Stephen; Cohen, Walter; Howard, Jean E. and Maus, Katharine Eisaman (eds.) The Norton Shakespeare: Based on the Oxford Shakespeare (London: Norton, 1997)
- Harrison, G. B. (ed.). The Most Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus (The New Penguin Shakespeare; London: Penguin, 1958; revised edition, 1995)
- Hughes, Alan (ed.). Titus Andronicus (The New Cambridge Shakespeare; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994; 2nd edition 2006)
- MacDonald, Russell (ed.). Titus Andronicus (The Pelican Shakespeare, 2nd edition; London: Penguin, 2000)
- Massai, Sonia (ed.). Titus Andronicus (The New Penguin Shakespeare, 2nd edition; London: Penguin, 2001)
- Maxwell, J. C. (ed.). Titus Andronicus (The Arden Shakespeare, 2nd Series; London: Arden, 1953)
- Taylor, Gary; Jowett, John; Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan (eds.). The New Oxford Shakespeare (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016-17)
- Waith, Eugene M. (ed.). Titus Andronicus (The Oxford Shakespeare; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984)
- Wells, Stanley; Taylor, Gary; Jowett, John and Montgomery, William (eds.). The Oxford Shakespeare: The Complete Works (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986; 2nd ed., 2005)
- Werstine, Paul and Mowat, Barbara A. (eds.). Titus Andronicus (Folger Shakespeare Library; Washington: Simon & Schuster, 2005)
Secondary sources
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- Bullough, Geoffrey. Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare (Volume 6): Other 'Classical' Plays (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966)
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- James, Heather. "Cultural Disintegration in Titus Andronicus: Mutilating Titus, Virgil, and Rome", in James Redmond (editor), Themes in Drama (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 123โ140
- Jones, Emrys. The Origins of Shakespeare (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977)
- Kahn, Coppรฉlia. Roman Shakespeare: Warriors, Wounds, and Women (New York: Routledge, 1997)
- Kendall, Gillian Murray. "'Lend Me Thy Hand': Metaphor and Mayhem in Titus Andronicus", Shakespeare Quarterly, 40:3 (Autumn, 1989), 299โ316
- Kochin, Michael S. and Katherine Philippakis. "Rape and Civilization in Shakespeare." VoegelinView, 28 September 2023.
- Kolin, Philip C. (ed.) Titus Andronicus: Critical Essays (New York: Garland, 1995)
- Kott, Jan. Shakespeare Our Contemporary (Garden City, New York: Doubleday Publishing, 1964)
- Kramer, Joseph E. "Titus Andronicus: The Fly-Killing Incident", Shakespeare Studies, 5 (1969), 9โ19
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- Marti, Marcus. "Language of Extremities/Extremities of Language: Body Language and Culture in Titus Andronicus"; 7th World Shakespeare Congress, Valencia, April 2001
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- Mincoff, Marco. "The Source of Titus Andronicus", Notes and Queries, 216:2 (Summer, 1971), 131โ134
- McCandless, David. "A Tale of Two Tituses: Julie Taymor's Vision on Stage and Screen", Shakespeare Quarterly, 53:4 (Winter, 2002), 487โ511
- Miola, Robert S. "Titus Andronicus and the Mythos of Shakespeare's Rome", Shakespeare Studies, 14 (1981), 85โ98
- Muir, Kenneth. The Sources of Shakespeare's Plays (London: Routledge, 1977; rpt 2005)
- Nevo, Ruth. "Tragic Form in Titus Andronicus", in A. A. Mendilow (editor), Further Studies in English Language and Literature (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1975), 1โ18
- Onions, C. T. A Shakespeare Glossary (London: Oxford University Press, 1953; 2nd ed. edited by Robert D. Eagleson, 1986)
- Palmer, D. J. "The Unspeakable in Pursuit of the Uneatable: Language and Action in Titus Andronicus", Critical Quarterly, 14:4 (Winter, 1972), 320โ339
- Parrott, T. M. "Shakespeare's Revision of Titus Andronicus", Modern Language Review, 14 (1919), 16โ37
- Price, Hereward. "The Language of Titus Andronicus", Papers of the Michigan Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 21 (1935), 501โ507
- ย โธปย . "The Authorship of Titus Andronicus", Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 42:1 (Spring 1943), 55โ81
- Pruitt, Anna. "Refining the LION Collocation Test: A Comparative Study of Authorship Test Results for Titus Andronicus Scene 6 (= 4.1)", in Gary Taylor and Gabriel Egan (eds) The New Oxford Shakespeare Authorship Companion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017): 92-106
- Reese, Jack E. "The Formalization of Horror in Titus Andronicus", Shakespeare Quarterly, 21:1 (Spring, 1970), 77โ84
- Robertson, J.M. Did Shakespeare Write Titus Andronicus?: A Study in Elizabethan Literature (London: Watts, 1905)
- Rossiter, A. P. Angel with Horns: Fifteen Lectures on Shakespeare (London: Longmans, 1961; edited by Graham Storey)
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- Schlueter, June. "Rereading the Peacham Drawing", Shakespeare Quarterly, 50:2 (Summer, 1999), 171โ184
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- Spencer, T. J. B. "Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Romans", Shakespeare Survey, 10 (1957), 27โ38
- Starks, Lisa S. "Cinema of Cruelty: Powers of Horror in Julie Taymor's Titus", in Lisa S. Starks and Courtney Lehmann (editors) The Reel Shakespeare: Alternative Cinema and Theory (London: Associated University Press, 2002), 121โ142
- Taylor, Anthony Brian. "Lucius, the Severely Flawed Redeemer of Titus Andronicus" Diarsipkan 25 June 2014 di Wayback Machine., Connotations, 6:2 (Summer, 1997), 138โ157
- Taylor, Gary and Doug Douhaime "Who Wrote the Fly Scene (3.2) in Titus Andronicus?: Automated Searches and Deep Reading" in Gary Taylor and Gabriel Egan (eds) The New Oxford Shakespeare Authorship Companion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017): 67-91
- Tricomi, Albert H. "The Aesthetics of Mutilation in Titus Andronicus", Shakespeare Survey, 27 (1974), 11โ19
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- Wynne-Davies, Marion. "'The swallowing womb": Consumed and Consuming Women in Titus Andronicus", in Valerie Wayne (editor), The Matter of Difference: Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991), 129โ151
Pranala luar
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Wikisumber memiliki naskah asli yang berkaitan dengan artikel ini:
Wikiquote memiliki koleksi kutipan yang berkaitan dengan: Titus Andronikus.
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Titus Andronicus.
- Titus Andronikus di Standard Ebooks
- Titus Andronicus di Proyek Gutenberg
- The History of Titus Andronicus, The Renowned Roman General โ text of the prose history from caโ1760.
- "Titus Andronicus' Complaint" โ text of the ballad from 1620.
Buku audio domain publik Titus Andronicus di LibriVox- "Lucius, the Severely Flawed Redeemer of Titus Andronicus", by Anthony Brian Taylor; Diarsipkan 25 June 2014 di Wayback Machine.; Connotations, 6:2 (Summer 1997), 138โ157.
- "Roman or Revenger?: The Definition and Distortion of Masculine Identity in Titus Andronicus", by Brecken Rose Hancock; Early Modern Literary Studies, 10:1 (May 2004), 1โ25].
- "Rape and Civilization in Shakespeare", by Michael S. Kochin and Katherine Philippakis; VoegelinView, September 28, 2023.
- Titus Andronicus di IMDb (dalam bahasa Inggris) (BBC Television Shakespeare Version).
- Titus di IMDb (dalam bahasa Inggris) (Julie Taymor Version).
