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For the water source in Australia, see Great Artesian Basin.
Artesian aquifer scheme:
  1. Aquifer
  2. Impervious strata
  3. Infiltration area
  4. Artesian well
  5. Saturation level
  6. Subartesian well
  7. Artesian spring
Geological strata giving rise to an artesian well
Schematic of an artesian well
U.S. Navy Seabees tapping an artesian well in Helmand Province, Afghanistan

An artesian well is a well that brings groundwater to the surface without pumping because it is under pressure within a body of rock or sediment known as an aquifer.[1] When trapped water in an aquifer is surrounded by layers of impermeable rock or clay, which apply positive pressure to the water, it is known as an artesian aquifer.[1] If a well were to be sunk into an artesian aquifer, water in the well-pipe would rise to a height corresponding to the point where hydrostatic equilibrium is reached.[1]

A well drilled into such an aquifer is called an artesian well.[1] If water reaches the ground surface under the natural pressure of the aquifer, the well is termed a flowing artesian well.[2][3]

Fossil water aquifers can also be artesian if they are under sufficient pressure from the surrounding rocks, similar to how many newly tapped oil wells are pressurized.

Artesian well near the Myllylรคhde spring in Alastaro, Finland

Not all aquifers are artesian (i.e., water table aquifers occur where the groundwater level at the top of the aquifer is at equilibrium with atmospheric pressure). Aquifers recharge when the water table at its recharge zone is at a higher elevation than the head of the well.

History

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The first mechanically accurate explanation for artesian wells was given by Al-Biruni.[4] Artesian wells were named after Artois in France, where many artesian wells were drilled by Carthusian monks from 1126.[5]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d "Artesian Water and Artesian Wells". United States Geological Survey. 2018-06-06. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
  2. ^ Wheeler, H. W. (1980), Artesian bores of South Australia: an annotated photographic record, 1939โ€“1948, Pioneer Books, ISBNย 978-0-908065-06-6
  3. ^ Federal Water Resources Assistance Program (Australia); New South Wales Department of Water Resources, Technical Services Division; Australian Water Resources Council. Interstate Working Group on the Great Artesian Basin (1990), Specification for construction, reconditioning or plugging of bores tapping recognised aquifers of the Great Artesian Basin in New South Wales (1stย ed.), Dept. of Water Resources, Technical Services Division, retrieved 19 January 2014
  4. ^ Davis, Stanley N.; De Wiest, Roger J. M. (January 15, 1966). Hydrogeology. Wiley. pp.ย 9โ€“10. ISBNย 9780471199007.
  5. ^ Frances Gies and Joseph Gies, Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel subtitled "Technology and Invention in the Middle Ages". Harper Perennial, 1995. ISBNย 0-06-016590-1, page 112.
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