Bioelectrodynamics is a branch of medical physics and bioelectromagnetism which deals with rapidly changing electric and magnetic fields in biological systems, i.e. high frequency endogenous electromagnetic phenomena in living cells. It was first introduced by Harold Saxton Burr at Yale University. Unlike the events studied by the electrophysiology, the generating mechanism of bioelectrodynamic phenomenon is not connected with currents of ions and its frequency is typically much higher. Examples include vibrations of electrically polar intracellular structures and non-thermal emission of photons as a result of metabolic activity.
Theories and Hypotheses
editPlenty of theoretical work was published on theories and hypotheses describing generation of electromagnetic field by living cells in very broad frequency range.[1][2][3] The most influential one was once probably the Frรถhlich's hypothesis of coherence in biological systems introduced by Herbert Frรถhlich in the late 1960s.[4] Despite the fact that experimental evidence for Frรถhlich's hypothesis does not exist yet, numerical estimates indicate biological feasibility of at least Frรถhlich's weak condensation.[5]
Recent theoretical considerations predict generation of radio frequency electromagnetic field in cells as a result of vibrations of electrically polar intracellular structures, e. g., microtubules.[6] Emission in optical part of electromagnetic spectrum is usually attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Experimental evidence
editBioelectrodynamic effects were experimentally proven in optical range of electromagnetic spectrum.[7] Spontaneous emission of photons by living cells, with intensity significantly higher than corresponds to emission by thermal radiation, was repeatedly reported by several authors over decades.[8] These observations exhibit experimental simplicity and good reproducibility. Although non-thermal emission of photons from living cells is generally accepted phenomenon, much less is known about its origin and properties. On the one hand, it is sometimes attributed to chemiluminescent metabolic reactions (including for instance reactive oxygen species (ROS) [9] ), on the other hand, some authors relate this phenomenon to far-from-equilibrium thermodynamics.[citation needed]
Indirect evidence exists on acoustic and radio frequencies; however, direct measurement of field quantities is missing. Pohl and others observed force effect on dielectric particles which were attracted to cells and repulsed from cells, respectively, depending on particles' dielectric constant.[10] Pohl attributed this behavior to dielectrophoresis caused by electromagnetic field of cells. He estimated the frequency of this field as about hundreds of MHz. Other indirect evidence comes from the fact that mechanical vibrations were experimentally proven in very broad frequency range in cells.[11] Since many structures in cells are electrically polar, they will generate electromagnetic field if they vibrate.[12]
Controversy
editAs a question opened for decades, bioelectrodynamics was not always part of scientific mainstream and thus it was sometimes treated with poor scientific standards. This is particularly true for:
- - overestimation of the significance of experimental data obtained (Kucera[13] argues that claims by several authors about direct measurement of cellular electromagnetic activity in radio-frequency band should be accepted with skepticism since technical properties of experimental setups have not even met criteria arising from optimistic theoretical biophysical predictions. Firstly, spatial resolution of used sensors was too low with respect to expected spatial complexity of electromagnetic field in cells. Secondly, the sensitivity of experimental setups was not high enough compared to power available in living cell.),
- - misinterpretation of experimental data (Fritz-Albert Popp's claim about coherence of photo-emission from cells[14] is based on statistical distribution of photon counts; however, this is not proof of coherence. Coherent emission (see coherent states) has Poisson distribution, but Poisson distribution is not exclusively related only to coherent processes.) and
- - development of uncorroborated hypotheses .[citation needed]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Priel, Avner; Tuszynski, Jack A.; Cantiello, Horacio F. (2005). "Electrodynamic Signaling by the Dendritic Cytoskeleton: Toward an Intracellular Information Processing Model". Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 24 (3). Informa UK Limited: 221โ231. doi:10.1080/15368370500379590. ISSNย 1536-8378. S2CIDย 83894290.
- ^ Cifra, M. (2012). "Electrodynamic eigenmodes in cellular morphology". Biosystems. 109 (3). Elsevier BV: 356โ366. doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2012.06.003. ISSNย 0303-2647. PMIDย 22750075.
- ^ Zhou, Shu-Ang; Uesaka, Mitsuru (2006). "Bioelectrodynamics in living organisms". International Journal of Engineering Science. 44 (1โ2). Elsevier BV: 67โ92. doi:10.1016/j.ijengsci.2005.11.001. ISSNย 0020-7225.
- ^ GJ Hyland and Peter Rowlands (editors) Herbert Frohlich FRS: A Physicist Ahead of his Time. (University of Liverpool, 2006, 2nd edition 2008.)ISBNย 978-0-906370-57-5
- ^ Reimers, J. R.; McKemmish, L. K.; McKenzie, R. H.; Mark, A. E.; Hush, N. S. (26 February 2009). "Weak, strong, and coherent regimes of Frohlich condensation and their applications to terahertz medicine and quantum consciousness". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (11): 4219โ4224. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.4219R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806273106. ISSNย 0027-8424. PMCย 2657444. PMIDย 19251667.
- ^ Pokornรฝ, Jiลรญ; Haลกek, Jiลรญ; Jelรญnek, Frantiลกek (2005). "Electromagnetic Field of Microtubules: Effects on Transfer of Mass Particles and Electrons". Journal of Biological Physics. 31 (3โ4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 501โ514. doi:10.1007/s10867-005-1286-1. ISSNย 0092-0606. PMCย 3456341. PMIDย 23345914.
- ^ Kuฤera O, ฤervinkovรก K, Nerudovรก M, Cifra M (2015). "Spectral Perspective on the Electromagnetic Activity of Cells". Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 15 (6): 513โ522. doi:10.2174/1568026615666150225103105. PMIDย 25714382.
- ^ Cifra, Michal; Fields, Jeremy Z.; Farhadi, Ashkan (2011). "Electromagnetic cellular interactions". Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 105 (3). Elsevier BV: 223โ246. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2010.07.003. ISSNย 0079-6107. PMIDย 20674588.
- ^ Prasad, Ankush; Pospiลกil, Pavel (20 October 2011). "Two-dimensional imaging of spontaneous ultra-weak photon emission from the human skin: role of reactive oxygen species". Journal of Biophotonics. 4 (11โ12). Wiley: 840โ849. doi:10.1002/jbio.201100073. ISSNย 1864-063X. PMIDย 22012922.
- ^ Pohl, Herbert A.; Crane, Joe S. (1971). "Dielectrophoresis of Cells". Biophysical Journal. 11 (9). Elsevier BV: 711โ727. Bibcode:1971BpJ....11..711P. doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(71)86249-5. ISSNย 0006-3495. PMCย 1484049. PMIDย 5132497.
- ^ Kruse, Karsten; Jรผlicher, Frank (2005). "Oscillations in cell biology". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 17 (1). Elsevier BV: 20โ26. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2004.12.007. ISSNย 0955-0674.
- ^ Kuฤera, Ondลej; Havelka, Daniel (2012). "Mechano-electrical vibrations of microtubulesโLink to subcellular morphology". Biosystems. 109 (3). Elsevier BV: 346โ355. doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2012.04.009. ISSNย 0303-2647. PMIDย 22575306.
- ^ Kuฤera, Ondลej; Cifra, Michal; Pokornรฝ, Jiลรญ (20 March 2010). "Technical aspects of measurement of cellular electromagnetic activity". European Biophysics Journal. 39 (10). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 1465โ1470. doi:10.1007/s00249-010-0597-8. ISSNย 0175-7571. PMIDย 20306029. S2CIDย 36245681.
- ^ Popp FA (1999) About the Coherence of Biophotons 1999 Proceedings of an International Conference on Macroscopic Quantum Coherence, Boston University.
