| Open-mid front rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ล | |||
| IPA number | 311 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | œ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0153 | ||
| X-SAMPA | 9 | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
The open-mid front rounded vowel, or low-mid front rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is โจลโฉ.
Open-mid front compressed vowel
editThe open-mid front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as โจลโฉ, which is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated IPA diacritic for compression. However, the compression of the lips can be shown by the letter โจฮฒฬโฉ as โจษอกฮฒฬโฉ (simultaneous [ษ] and labial compression) or โจษแตโฉ ([ษ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic โจย ย อโฉ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter โจลอโฉ as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.
Features
edit- Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence
editBecause front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asturian | Some Western dialects[2] | fuรถra | [หfwลษพษ] | 'outside' | Realization of โจoโฉ in the diphthong โจuoโฉ. May also be realized as [ษต] or [รธ]. |
| Azeri | North Azerbaijani | bษnรถvลษyi | [bรฆnลyฬสรฆji] | 'purple' | |
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[3] | Seil | [sลห] | 'rope' | Contrasts close [y], near-close [รธฬ], close-mid [รธ] and open-mid [ล] front rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded [รค].[3] Typically transcribed in IPA with โจษถโฉ. |
| Northern[4] | I helfad | [i หhลlสฒfษdฬฅ] | 'I'd help' | Allophone of /ษ/ before /l/.[4] | |
| Breton | All speakers[5] | leur | [lลหr] | 'floor' | Short counterpart of /รธห/.[6] May be transcribed in IPA with โจรธโฉ. |
| Bas-Lรฉon[6] | [example needed] | Long; contrasts with the short open-mid /ล/ and the long close-mid /รธห/. Other speakers have only one mid front rounded vowel /รธห/.[6] | |||
| Buwal[7] | [kสทลฬlษฬlษฬ] | 'fine' | Allophone of /a/ when adjacent to a labialized consonant.[7] | ||
| Catalan | Capcinรจs | lluna | [หสลnษ] | 'Moon' | Realization of /u/ in Capcir.[8] See Catalan phonology. |
| Chinese | Cantonese | ้ท / cheung4 | [tsสฐลหลหฉ] | 'long' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Lombard | Lombard | fiล | [fjลห] | 'boy','man' | Occurs naturally in the language, most frequently in western and northern regions, alternating with รธ in many words, and rendered under the letter 'ล', while [รธ] is under the letter รถ. |
| Danish | Standard[9] | gรธre | [หkลหษ] | 'to do' | Typically transcribed with โจลฬโฉ, where โจลโฉ instead represents mid [ลฬ]. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard[10][11] | manoeuvre | โ | 'manoeuvre' | Occurs only in a few loanwords.[10][11] See Dutch phonology |
| Some speakers[12] | parfum | [pษrหfลฬห] | 'perfume' | Nasalized; occurs only in a few loanwords and it is used mainly in southern accents. Often nativized as [สm].[12] See Dutch phonology | |
| The Hague dialect[13] | uit | [ลหt] | 'out' | Corresponds to [ลy] in standard Dutch.[14] See Dutch phonology | |
| English | General New Zealand[15][16] | bird | [bลหd] | 'bird' | May be mid [ลฬห] instead. In broader varieties, it is close-mid or higher.[15][16][17] Typically transcribed in IPA with โจษตหโฉ. See New Zealand English phonology |
| Scouse[18] | Possible realization of the merged SQUAREโNURSE vowel /eห/.[18] | ||||
| Southern Welsh[19] | Also described as mid [ลฬห][20] and close-mid [รธห].[21][22] | ||||
| General South African[23] | go | [ษกลห] | 'go' | Some speakers. Can be a diphthong of the type [ลสฬฏ]~[ลษฬฏ] instead. Other South African varieties do not monophthongize. See South African English phonology | |
| French[24][25] | jeune | โ | 'young' | See French phonology | |
| Galician[26] | semana | [sฬบลหmรฃnษฬ] | หweek' | Labialization of pre-tonic [e], which is usually realized as [o] | |
| German | Standard[27] | Hรถlle | [หhลlษ] | 'hell' | See Standard German phonology |
| Western Swiss accents[28] | schรถn | [สลหn] | 'beautiful' | Close-mid [รธห] in other accents.[29] See Standard German phonology | |
| Limburgish | Many dialects[30][31] | mรครถ | [mลห] | 'sleeve' | Central [ษห] in Maastricht;[32] the example word is from the Hasselt dialect. |
| Low German[33] | sรถss / zรถs | [zลs] | 'six' | ||
| Espรญrito Santo East Pomeranian[34] | [หhลษซ] | 'hell' | |||
| Saterland Frisian[35][36] | bรถlkje | [หbลlkjษ] | 'to rear' | ||
| Turkish | Istanbul | kรถz | [หcลz] | 'fire' | Corresponds to [รธฬ] in standard Turkish. See Turkish phonology. |
| West Frisian | Hindeloopers[37] | [example needed] | See West Frisian phonology | ||
| Sรบdwesthoeksk[37][38] | skoalle | [หskลlษ] | 'school' | ||
Open-mid front protruded vowel
edit| Open-mid front protruded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ลฬซ |
Catford notes[full citation needed] that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few, such as Scandinavian languages, have protruded front vowels. One Scandinavian language, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (see near-close front rounded vowel, with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).
As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, โจย ย ฬซโฉ, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is โจลสทโฉ or โจษสทโฉ (an open-mid front vowel modified by endolabialization), but it could be misread as a diphthong.
Acoustically, the sound is "between" the more typical compressed open-mid front vowel [ล] and the unrounded open-mid front vowel [ษ].
Features
edit- Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norwegian[39][40] | nรธtt | [nลฬซtห] | 'nut' | The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel has also been described as mid central [ษฬ].[41] See Norwegian phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[42][43][44] | รถra | [ยฒลฬซหraฬ ] | 'ear' | Allophone of /รธห/ and also sometimes /ล/ before /r/,[42][43][44] and according to older accounts before /m, n/ and less often after /r/.[45] Riad (2014) describe an even more open allophone in younger speakers [ษถ, ษถห][44] whilst Perrson (2024)'s charts point to open-mid central allophones [ลฬ, ลฬห].[46] See Swedish phonology |
| Stockholm,[44] Linkรถping, and Lund[47] | hรถna | โ | 'hen' | Engstrand (1990) reported the phonemes /ล รธห/ and placed the short variant at mid height, as in [ลฬแซ]. According to Pelzer & Boersma (2019), the long vowel has been lowered to open-mid [ลฬซห] in Linkรถping and Lund, and near-open [ลฬแซห] in Stockholm, with the recommendation of transcribing the phoneme as /ลห/ instead of /รธห/.[48] An earlier study from the same authors found that the vowel moves slightly lower and more central during its pronunciation in Stockholm and Linkรถping, while it moves slightly higher in Lund.[49] Persson (2024) reports both short and long variants as allophones of the phonemes /รธ รธห/, lowered before /r/ and any retroflex segment;[50] long [รธห ลห] are marked as 'lower-mid' and short [รธ ล] are marked as 'mid-high', each pairing being differentiated primarily by formant acoustics other than height, and all as central rather than front.[51] See Swedish phonology | |
Notes
edit- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ Garcรญa, Fernando รlvarez-Balbuena (2015-09-01). "Na frontera del asturllionรฉs y el gallegoportuguรฉs: descripciรณn y exame horiomรฉtricu de la fala de Fernidiellu (Forniella, Lliรณn). Parte primera: fonรฉtica". Revista de Filoloxรญa Asturiana (in undetermined language). 14 (14). ISSNย 2341-1147.
- ^ a b Traunmรผller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ a b Rowley (1990), p.ย 422.
- ^ Ternes (1992), p.ย 433.
- ^ a b c Ternes (1992), pp.ย 431, 433.
- ^ a b Viljoen (2013), p.ย 50.
- ^ "Aplicaciรณ al catalร dels principis de transcripciรณ de l'associaciรณ fonรจtica internacional" [Application to Catalan of the transcription principles of the International Phonetic Association] (PDF) (in Catalan). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-01-26.
- ^ Grรธnnum (1998), p.ย 100.
- ^ a b Gussenhoven (1999), p.ย 76.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p.ย 137.
- ^ a b van de Velde & van Hout (2002).
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p.ย 136.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp.ย 135โ136.
- ^ a b Roca & Johnson (1999), p.ย 188.
- ^ a b Bauer & Warren (2004), pp.ย 582, 591.
- ^ Wells (1982), p.ย 607.
- ^ a b Cruttenden (2014), pp.ย 118, 138.
- ^ Penhallurick (2004), p.ย 104.
- ^ Wells (1982), p.ย 381.
- ^ Collins & Mees (1990), p.ย 95.
- ^ Connolly (1990), p.ย 125.
- ^ Lass (2002), p.ย 118.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p.ย 73.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p.ย 225.
- ^ Freixeiro Mato, X. Ramรณn. (2006). Gramรกtica da lingua galega (2.ย ed.). [Vigo, Spain]: Edicions A Nosa Terra. ISBNย 84-8341-060-5. OCLCย 213259857.
- ^ Hall (2003), pp.ย 97, 107.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knรถbl (2015), p.ย 65.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knรถbl (2015), pp.ย 34, 65.
- ^ Peters (2006), p.ย 119.
- ^ Verhoeven (2007), p.ย 221.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p.ย 159.
- ^ Prehn (2012), p.ย 157.
- ^ Schaeffer & Meireles (2014), p.ย 51.
- ^ Fort (2001), p.ย 411.
- ^ Peters (2017), p.ย ?.
- ^ a b van der Veen (2001), p.ย 102.
- ^ Hoekstra (2001), p.ย 83.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), pp.ย 13, 20.
- ^ Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p.ย 2.
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp.ย 16โ17.
- ^ a b Eliasson (1986), p.ย 273.
- ^ a b Thorรฉn & Petterson (1992), pp.ย 13โ14.
- ^ a b c d Riad (2014), p.ย 38.
- ^ Elmquist (1915), p.ย 33.
- ^ Perrson (2024), Fig. 1, 7.
- ^ Pelzer & Boersma (2017), p.ย 24.
- ^ Pelzer & Boersma (2019), pp.ย 1146โ1147.
- ^ Pelzer & Boersma (2017), p.ย 22-24.
- ^ Persson (2024), p.ย 604.
- ^ Persson (2024), ยง3.2.1, ยง4.
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