Kraken (/ˈkræ.kən/; dari Norwegia: kraken, /ˈkrɑː.kən/, "the crookie")[2][3] adalah seekor monster laut legenda berukuran raksasa, yang menurut etimologinya terkadang berkerabat dengan sepalopoda, yang dikatakan muncul di Laut Norwegia di lepas pantai Norwegia. Legenda Kraken diyakini bermula dari penglihatan gurita raksasa, yang dapat tumbuh sampai sepanjang 105 meter (344 ft).[4]
Kraken, sebagai subyek takhayul pelaut dan mitos, mula-mula dideskripsikan dalam glosarium Norwegia oleh Christen Jensøn pada 1646. Kemudian, makhluk tersebut muncul dalam catatan perjalanan oleh Francesco Negri pada 1700, disusul pada 1734 oleh sebuah catatan dari misionaris dan penjelajah Dano-Norwegia Hans Egede, yang mendeskripsiksn kraken secara mendetil dan menyamakannya dengan hafgufa dari abad pertengahan. Namun, deskripsi pertama dari makhluk tersebut biasanya dikaitkan dengan uskup Denmark Pontoppidan (1753). Ia mendeskripsikan kraken sebagao gurita (polypus) berukuran raksasa, dan menulis bahwa makhluk tersebut memiliki kebiasaan menenggelamkan kapal. Malakologis Prancis Denys-Montfort, pada abad ke-19, juga dikenal karena mempelopori penyelidikannya terhadap keberadaan gurita raksasa.
Referensi
suntingKutipan
sunting- ^ Denys-Montfort (1801), p. 256, Pl. XXVI.
- ^ "kraken". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. V (Edisi 1). Oxford University Press. 1933. hlm. 754.
Norw. kraken, krakjen, the -n, being the suffixed definite article
= A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (1901), V: 754 - ^ Munford, George (1870). "Monstra Marina & terrestria, quam in partibus aquilonis inueniuntur". An Attempt to Ascertain the True Derivation of the Names of Towns and Villages and of Rivers, and Other Great Natural Features of the County of Norfolk. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Company. hlm. 35.
- ^ Paxton, C. G. M. (October 2016). "Unleashing the Kraken: on the maximum length in giant squid ( Architeuthis sp.)". Journal of Zoology. 300 (2): 82–88. doi:10.1111/jzo.12347.
Daftar pustaka
sunting- Ashton, John (1890). Curious Creatures in Zoology: With 130 Illus. Throughout the Text. London: John C. Nimmo.
- Bergen, Karl August von (1761). "Observatio XXVIII: Microcosmo, bellua marina omnium". Nova acta physico-medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae naturae curiosorum exhibentia ephemerides. Vol. 2. impensis Wolfgangi Schwarzkopfii. hlm. 143–150.
- Bushnell, Kelly (2019). "Ch. 2 Tennyson's Kraken under the Microscope and in the Aquarium". Dalam Abberley, Will (ed.). Underwater Worlds: Submerged Visions in Science and Culture. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. hlm. 52–72. ISBN 978-1-5275-2553-5.
- Denys-Montfort, Pierre (1801). "La poulpe colossal – La poulpe kraken". Des mollusques. Histoire naturelle : générale et particulière 102 (dalam bahasa Prancis). Vol. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie de F. Dufart. hlm. 256–412.; alt text (Vol. 102) via Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Egede, Hans (1741) [1729]. "Kap. VI. Hvad Slags Diur, Fiske og Fugle den Grønlandske Søe giver af sig etc. / § Andre Søe-Diur". Det gamle Grønlands nye perlustration,. (dalam bahasa Dansk). Copenhagen: Groth. hlm. 48–49 (footnote). digital copy@National Library Norway. modern typeset reprint (1926) A.W. Brøggers boktrykkeris forlag.
- —— (1745). "Ch. 6. Of the Greenland Sea Animals, and Sea Fowl and Fishes / § Of other Sea Animals". A description of Greenland : Shewing the natural history, situation, boundaries and face of the country, the nature of the soil;. London: Printed for C. Hitch in Pater-noster Row; S. Austen in Newgate-Street; and J. Jackson near St. James's Gate. hlm. 86–87. digital copy@National Library Norway
- —— (1763) [1730]. "Das 6te Capitel: von denen Thieren, Fischen, Vögeln, u.s.f. welche sich in denem Grönländischen Meeren finden". Herrn Hans Egede, Mißionärs und Bischofes in Grönland, Beschreibung und Natur-Geschichte von Grönland (dalam bahasa Jerman). Berlin: Mylius. hlm. 111–113 (footnote).
- Finnur Jónsson, ed. (1920). "12". Konungs skuggsjá: Speculum regale. Vol. 2. Reykjavík: I kommission i den Gyldendalske boghandel, Nordisk forlag.
- Halldór Hermannsson [in Islandia] (1938), "Icelandic Physiologus", Islandica, 27: 4–17
- Jensøn, Christen (1646). Den Norſke Dictionarium eller Gloſebog. hlm. 67–68.
- Hamilton, Robert, M.D., FRSE (1839), "The Kraken", dalam Jardine, William, Sir (ed.), Amphibious carnivora, including the Walrus and Seals, also of the Herbivorous Cetacea, &c., The Naturalist's Library 25 (Mammalia 11), Lizars, W. H. 1788–1859, engraver, Edinburgh: W. H. Lizars, hlm. 327–336. Plate XXX (The Kraken): "The Kraken supposed a sepia or cuttle fish (from Denys Montfort)", p. 326a via Biodiversity.
- Hagland, Jan Ragnar (1986). Trønderord frå 1700-talet. Otta: Engers boktrykkeri.
- Lee, Henry (1875), The Octopus: Or, The "devil-fish" of Fiction and of Fact, London: Chapman and Hall
- —— (1884). "The Kraken". Sea Monsters Unmasked. The Fisheries Exhibition Literature 3. Chapman and Hall. hlm. 325–327.
- Lyman, Theodore (1865). Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College: Ophiuridæ and Astrophytidæ. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, No. 1. Museum of Comparative Zoology. Harvard University Press.
- McMenamin, M.A.S. (2016). Deep Bones. In: M.A.S. McMenamin Dynamic Paleontology: Using Quantification and Other Tools to Decipher the History of Life. Springer, Cham. pp. 131–158. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-22777-1_9 ISBN 978-3-319-22776-4.
- "Kraken", Encyclopædia Metropolitana; or, Universal Dictionary of Knowledge, London: B. Fellowes, 1875, hlm. 255–258
- Mitchill, Samuel Latham (1813). "Natural History". The Medical Repository (And Review Of American Publications On Medicine, Surgery And The Auxiliary Of Science). new series. Vol. 1. New York: John Forbes. hlm. 396–497.
- Moquin-Tandon, Alfred (1865). Le Monde de la mer (dalam bahasa Prancis). Lackerbauer, P[ierre] (illustr.). Paris: L. Hachette.
- Müller, Wilhelm, Dr., Prof. (1802), "Kraken", Deutsche Encyclopädie oder Allgemeines Real-Wörterbuch aller Künste und Wissenschaften: Ko-Kraz, vol. 22, Frankfurt a. M.: Varrentrapp und Wenner, hlm. 594–605
- Oudemans, A. C. (1892). The Great Sea-serpent: An Historical and Critical Treatise. Vol. 1. Lackerbauer, P[ierre] (illustr.). Leiden: E.J. Brill.
- Pontoppidan, Erich (1753a). "Kap. 8. §11. Kraken eller Horven det største dyr i Verden /§12Beskrivelse.". Det første Forsøg paa Norges naturlige Historie (dalam bahasa Dansk). Vol. 2. Copenhagen: Berlingske Arvingers Bogtrykkerie. hlm. xvi(?), 340–345. digital copy@National Library Norway
- —— (1753b). "Kap. 8. §11. Kraken oder Horven, das größte Thier in der Welt /12. Beschreibung dieses Thieres". Versuch einer natürlichen Geschichte Norwegens (dalam bahasa Jerman). Vol. 2. Copenhagen: Franz Christian Mumme. hlm. 394–400.
- —— (1755). "Ch. 8. Sect. 11. Kraken, or Korven [sic.], the largest creature in the world /Sect. 12. Description". The Natural History of Norway...: Translated from the Danish Original. Vol. 2. London: A. Linde. hlm. 210–213.
- Verrill, A. E. (1882), "Report on the Cephalopods of the Northeastern Coast of America", Report of the Commissioner, vol. 7, United States Fish Commission, hlm. 211–436
- W[ilson], [James] (March 1818). "Remarks on the histories of the kraken and great sea serpent". Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. 2 (12). William Blackwood: 645-654.
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