Hipotesis periode kritis[1] adalah teori dalam bidang linguistik dan pemerolehan bahasa kedua yang menyatakan bahwa seseorang hanya dapat mencapai kefasihan seperti penutur asli[2] jika belajar bahasa sebelum mencapai usia tertentu. Hipotesis ini menjadi subjek perdebatan panjang dalam linguistik[3] mengenai sejauh mana kemampuan memperoleh bahasa berkaitan secara biologis dengan tahapan perkembangan otak.[4] Gagasan ini pertama kali dikemukakan oleh ahli saraf Montreal, Wilder Penfield, dan Lamar Roberts dalam buku mereka tahun 1959 berjudul Speech and Brain Mechanisms,[5] lalu dipopulerkan oleh Eric Lenneberg pada tahun 1967 melalui buku Biological Foundations of Language.[6]
Menurut hipotesis ini, beberapa tahun pertama kehidupan merupakan masa yang sangat penting bagi seseorang untuk memperoleh bahasa pertama jika diberikan rangsangan yang memadai. Pada masa ini, otak masih sangat fleksibel, sehingga dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan rangsangan bahasa. Jika seseorang tidak mendapatkan masukan bahasa pada masa tersebut, ia tidak akan bisa menguasai bahasa dengan sempurna di kemudian hari.[6] Para ahli masih memperdebatkan batas usia periode kritis untuk pemerolehan bahasa kedua, dengan perkiraan antara usia 2 hingga 13 tahun.[7]
Konsep ini berasal dari ilmu biologi, yang juga mengenal istilah “periode kritis” sebagai masa tertentu ketika suatu organisme harus mengembangkan kemampuan tertentu, atau kemampuan itu tidak akan berkembang sama sekali. Contohnya, hewan yang tidak menerima rangsangan visual pada waktu tertentu bisa kehilangan kemampuan penglihatan stereopsis secara permanen.
Penelitian awal mencoba menjelaskan hipotesis ini melalui lateralisasi otak—proses pembagian fungsi antara belahan kanan dan kiri otak.[8] Namun, teori ini kemudian diragukan karena lateralisasi tidak selalu meningkat seiring bertambahnya usia, dan tidak terbukti memiliki hubungan langsung dengan kemampuan belajar bahasa.
Versi yang lebih modern dari hipotesis ini berpendapat bahwa periode kritis terkait dengan cara otak manusia berkembang setelah lahir serta pengaruh lingkungan sosial dan bahasa di sekitarnya.[9] Berdasarkan penelitian sistem penglihatan,[10] para ilmuwan berpendapat bahwa jaringan saraf untuk bahasa terbentuk dari sinaps-sinaps yang aktif ketika seseorang terpapar bahasa sejak dini. Manusia memiliki kemampuan berbahasa yang unik karena ukuran dan kerumitan otaknya yang besar, serta lamanya masa perkembangan setelah lahir, yang memberi waktu bagi lingkungan untuk membentuk sirkuit otak yang mendukung kemampuan berbahasa.[9]
Referensi
sunting- ^ Abutalebi, Jubin; Clahsen, Harald (2018). "Critical periods for language acquisition: New insights with particular reference to bilingualism research". Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (dalam bahasa Inggris). 21 (5): 883–885. doi:10.1017/S1366728918001025. ISSN 1366-7289 – via Cambridge Core.
- ^ Han, ZhaoHong; Baohan, Amy (2023-11-01). "Age and attainment in foreign language learning: The critical period account stands". Brain and Language. 246 105343. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2023.105343. ISSN 0093-934X.
- ^ Ramscar & Gitcho 2007.
- ^ Snow, Catherine E.; Hoefnagel-Hohle, Marian (1978). "The Critical Period for Language Acquisition: Evidence from Second Language Learning". Child Development. 49 (4): 1114. doi:10.2307/1128751. JSTOR 1128751.
- ^ Penfield & Roberts 1959.
- ^ a b Lenneberg 1967.
- ^ Paradis 1999, hlm. 59–60; Loewen & Reinders 2011.
- ^ Penfield 1965.
- ^ a b Walker LC (July 1981). "The Ontogeny of the Neural Substrate for Language". Journal of Human Evolution. 10 (5): 429–441. Bibcode:1981JHumE..10..429W. doi:10.1016/s0047-2484(81)80007-3. PMC 8923642. PMID 35296125.
- ^ Wiesel TN (October 1982). "Postnatal development of the visual cortex and the influence of environment". Nature. 299 (5884): 583–591. Bibcode:1982Natur.299..583W. doi:10.1038/299583a0. PMID 6811951. S2CID 38776857.
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