| Lobotomi | |
|---|---|
| Intervensi | |
| Sinonim | Leukotomi |
| ICD-9-CM | 01.32 |
| MeSH | D011612 |
Lobotomi, atau leukotomi, adalah bentuk perawatan bedah saraf untuk gangguan kejiwaan atau gangguan neurologis (misalnya epilepsi) yang melibatkan pemutusan koneksi di korteks prefrontal otak.[1] Pembedahan ini menyebabkan sebagian besar koneksi ke dan dari korteks prefrontal, bagian anterior dari lobus frontal otak, terputus.
Pada masa lalu, perawatan ini digunakan untuk mengobati gangguan kejiwaan sebagai prosedur utama di beberapa negara. Prosedur ini kontroversial sejak awal penggunaannya, sebagian karena kurangnya pemahaman atas tingkat keparahan dan kronisitas penyakit kejiwaan yang parah dan bertahan lama, sehingga diklaim sebagai pengobatan yang tidak tepat.[2] Bedah lobus frontal, termasuk lobotomi, adalah operasi kedua yang paling umum untuk epilepsi hingga hari ini, dan biasanya dilakukan pada satu sisi otak, tidak seperti lobotomi untuk gangguan kejiwaan yang dilakukan pada kedua sisi otak.[3]
Pencetus prosedur ini, ahli saraf Portugis António Egas Moniz, berbagi Penghargaan Nobel untuk Fisiologi atau Kedokteran tahun 1949 untuk "penemuan nilai terapeutik leukotomi dalam psikosis tertentu",[n 1] meskipun pemberian penghargaan ini telah menjadi subjek kontroversi.[5]
Penggunaan prosedur ini meningkat secara dramatis dari awal tahun 1940-an hingga 1950-an; pada tahun 1951, hampir 20.000 lobotomi telah dilakukan di Amerika Serikat dan lebih banyak lagi secara proporsional di Britania Raya.[6] Lebih banyak lobotomi dilakukan pada wanita daripada pria: sebuah studi tahun 1951 menemukan bahwa hampir 60% pasien lobotomi Amerika adalah wanita, dan data terbatas menunjukkan bahwa 74% lobotomi di Ontario dari tahun 1948 hingga 1952 dilakukan pada pasien wanita.[7][8][9] Lobotomi mulai ditinggalkan pada tahun 1950-an,[10] pertama di Uni Soviet[11] dan Eropa.[12] Istilah ini berasal dari bahasa Yunani: bahasa Yunani: λοβός lobos "lobus" dan τομή tomē "memotong, mengiris".
Lihat pula
sunting- Cingulotomi bilateral - penghancuran sebagian dari otak
- Bioetika dan Etika medis
- Gangguan lobus frontal
- Cedera lobus frontal
- Bedah jiwa (psychosurgery)
- Sejarah bedah jiwa di Britania Raya
Catatan
sunting- ^ Walter Rudolf Hess, yang merupakan pemenang bersama dengan Moniz dari Penghargaan Nobel pada tahun 1949 untuk karyanya pada fungsi otak tengah, tidak memiliki keterlibatan dengan leukotomi.[4]
Kutipan
sunting- ^ "Lobotomy: Definition, Procedure & History". Live Science. Diakses tanggal 28 Juni 2018.
- ^ Raz 2009, hlm. 116
- ^ Hirata, Sachiko; Morino, Michiharu; Nakae, Shunsuke; Matsumoto, Takahiro (Januari 2020). "Surgical Technique and Outcome of Extensive Frontal Lobectomy for Treatment of Intracable Non-lesional Frontal Lobe Epilepsy". Neurologia Medico-chirurgica. 60 (1): 17–25. doi:10.2176/nmc.oa.2018-0286. ISSN 0470-8105. PMC 6970070. PMID 31801933.
- ^ Nobelprize.org 2013.
- ^ Sutherland 2004
- ^ Levinson, Hugh (8 November 2011). "The strange and curious history of lobotomy". BBC News. BBC.
- ^ Johnson, Jenell (2014). American Lobotomy: A Rhetorical History. University of Michigan Press. hlm. 50–60. ISBN 978-0472119448. Diakses tanggal 12 Agustus 2017.
- ^ El-Hai, Jack (21 Desember 2016). "Race and Gender in the Selection of Patients for Lobotomy". Wonders & Marvels. Diakses tanggal 12 Agustus 2017.
- ^ "Lobotomies". Western University. Diakses tanggal 12 Agustus 2017.
- ^ Kalat, James W. (2007). Biological psychology (Edisi 9th). Belmont, California: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. hlm. 101. ISBN 9780495090793.
- ^ Zajicek, Benjamin (2017). "Banning the Soviet Lobotomy: Psychiatry, Ethics, and Professional Politics during Late Stalinism". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 91 (1): 33–61. doi:10.1353/bhm.2017.0002. ISSN 1086-3176. PMID 28366896. S2CID 46563971.
- ^ Gallea, Michael (Summer 2017). "A brief reflection on the not-so-brief history of the lobotomy". BCMedical Journal. 59: 302–04. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 7 Februari 2019. Diakses tanggal 4 Februari 2019.
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Sumber daring
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Pranala luar
sunting
Lihat entri lobotomi di kamus bebas Wikikamus.
- My Lobotomy Radio story: Interview with Sallie Ellen Ionesco, lobotomised in 1946
- Mental Cruelty: Sunday Times article on lobotomy and contemporary psychosurgery
- Lobotomy's back: Discover article on cingulotomy
- 'My Lobotomy': Howard Dully's Journey. NPR Radio Documentary
- A Qualified Defence of 'Then': QJM
- Ten Notable Lobotomies
- Nobel Panel Urged to Rescind Prize for Lobotomies
- The Lobotomists: BBC Radio 4 documentary on the history of lobotomy
