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"Madder" redirects here. For other uses, see Madder (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Rubia (disambiguation).

Rubia
Rubia tinctorum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Embryophytes
Clade:Tracheophytes
Clade:Spermatophytes
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Eudicots
Clade:Asterids
Order:Gentianales
Family:Rubiaceae
Subfamily:Rubioideae
Tribe:Rubieae
Genus:Rubia
L.
Type species
Rubia tinctorum

Rubia is the type genus of the Rubiaceae family of flowering plants, which also contains Coffea (coffee). It contains around 80 species of perennial scrambling or climbing herbs and subshrubs native to the Old World.[1]

The genus and its best-known species are commonly known as madder, e.g. Rubia tinctorum (common madder), Rubia peregrina (wild madder), and Rubia cordifolia (Indian madder).[2]

Uses

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Skeins of yarn dyed with madder root, Rubia tinctorum

Rubia was an economically important source of a red pigment in many regions of Asia, Europe and Africa.[3] The genus name Rubia derives from the Latin ruber meaning "red".

The plant's roots contain an anthracene compound called alizarin that gives its red colour to a textile dye known as Rose madder. It was also used as a colourant, especially for paint, that is referred to as Madder lake. The synthesis of alizarin greatly reduced demand for the natural compound.[4]

In Georgia and Armenia, Rubia is used for dying Easter eggs red.

History

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Several species, such as Rubia tinctorum in Europe, Rubia cordifolia in India, and Rubia argyi in East Asia, were extensively cultivated from antiquity until the mid nineteenth century for red dye, commonly called madder. Cloth dyed with it has been found on Egyptian mummies. It was the ereuthedanon (แผฯฮตฯ…ฮธฮญฮดฮฑฮฝฮฟฮฝ) used for dyeing the cloaks of the Libyan women in the days of Herodotus.[5] It is the erythrodanon (แผฯฯ…ฮธฯฯŒฮดฮฑฮฝฮฟฮฝ) of Pedanius Dioscorides, who wrote of its cultivation in Caria,[6] and of Hippocrates,[7] and the Rubia of Pliny.[8] R.ย tinctorum was extensively cultivated in south Europe, France, where it is called garance, and the Netherlands, and to a small extent in the United States. Large quantities were imported into England from Smyrna, Trieste, Livorno, etc. The cultivation, however, decreased after alizarin was made artificially.[9]

Madder was employed medicinally in ancient civilizations and in the Middle Ages. In his Natural History, Pliny described it as a diuretic and is capable of treating jaundice and lichen planus.[8] John Gerard, in 1597, wrote of it as having been cultivated in many gardens in his day, and describes its many supposed virtues,[10] but any pharmacological or therapeutic action which madder may possess is unrecognizable. Its most remarkable physiological effect was found to be that of colouring red the bones of animals fed upon it, as also the claws and beaks of birds. This appears to be due to the chemical affinity of calcium phosphate for the colouring matter.[11] This property was used to enable physiologists to ascertain the manner in which bones develop, and the functions of the various types of cell found in growing bone.[9]

Species

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References

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  1. ^ "Rubia in the World Checklist of Rubiaceae". Retrieved April 2, 2014.
  2. ^ Cannon J, Cannon M (2002). Dye Plants and Dyeing (2ย ed.). A & C Black. pp.ย 76โ€“80. ISBNย 978-0-7136-6374-7.
  3. ^ St. Clair, Kassia (2016). The Secret Lives of Colour. London: John Murray. pp.ย 152โ€“153. ISBNย 978-1473630819. OCLCย 936144129.
  4. ^ "Material Name: madder". material record. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. November 2007. Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
  5. ^ Herod. iv. 189 [full citation needed]
  6. ^ Dioscorides iii. 160 [full citation needed]
  7. ^ Hippocrates, De morb. mul. i. [full citation needed]
  8. ^ a b Pliny. The Natural History. Vol.ย 24. pp.ย 236โ€“238.
  9. ^ a b Wikisourceย One or more of the preceding sentencesย incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:ย Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Madder". Encyclopรฆdia Britannica. Vol.ย 17 (11thย ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.ย 280.
  10. ^ Herball, p. 960 [full citation needed]
  11. ^ Pereira, Mat. Med., vol. ii. pt. 2, p. 52 [full citation needed]

Further reading

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  • Potts, Daniel T. (2022). "On the history of madder (Rubia peregrina L., and Rubia tinctorum L.) in pre-modern Iran and the Caucasus". Asiatische Studien - ร‰tudes Asiatiques. 76 (4): 785โ€“819. doi:10.1515/asia-2021-0039. S2CIDย 249627189.
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๐Ÿ“š Artikel Terkait di Wikipedia

Rubia tinctorum

Rubia tinctorum, the rose madder or common madder or dyer's madder, is a herbaceous perennial plant species belonging to the bedstraw and coffee family

Rose madder

Rose madder (also known as madder) is a red paint made from the pigment madder lake, a traditional lake pigment extracted from the common madder plant

Alizarin

centuries. In 1826, the French chemist Pierre-Jean Robiquet found that madder root contained two colorants, the red alizarin and the more rapidly fading

Natural dye

(black) Himalayan rhubarb root (bronze, yellow) Indigo leaves (blue to purple) Kamala seed pods (yellow) Katuray (red) Madder root (red, pink, orange) Mangosteen

List of English words of Arabic origin (Aโ€“B)

(3) the way you get the dyestuff from the madder root is by drying the root, followed by milling the dried root into a powder โ€“ not by juicing or squeezing

Sherardia

The genus contains only one species, Sherardia arvensis, the (blue) field madder, which is widespread across most of Europe and northern Africa as well as

Dannebrog

("Dannebrog red"). The only red fabric dye then available was made of madder root, which can be processed to produce a brilliant red dye and was used historically

William Henry Perkin

brilliant red dye alizarin, which had been isolated and identified from madder root some forty years earlier in 1826 by the French chemist Pierre Robiquet