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|
| Reyesano | |
|---|---|
| Chirgua, Chiriba, Sapiboca | |
| Native to | Bolivia |
| Region | Beni Department |
| Ethnicity | 1,130 (1994 census)[1] |
Native speakers | 12–15 (2011)[2] |
Tacanan
| |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Bolivia |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | rey |
| Glottolog | reye1240 |
| ELP | Reyesano |
Reyesano, or Chirigua (Chiriba), is a nearly extinct Tacanan language that was spoken by only a few speakers, including children, in 1961 in Bolivia. It is spoken by the Maropa people who number 4,505 in 2012.[3]
There still are adult speakers in the largely indigenous community of El Cozar in Reyes. However, it is doubtful that this language will survive much into the 21st century. Such is the margination of the indigenous people in the Beni that very little Reyesano words have entered the popular criollo Spanish, very unlike the situation in Quechua and Aymara influenced areas. There are many indigenous terms in "camba" (Spanish of the Beni) but they are mostly of Guaraní origin carried to the Beni by the original settlers from Santa Cruz.[citation needed]
Evidently the name Reyesano comes from the name of the town of Reyes, of the José Ballivián Province in the Department of the Beni in the plains adjacent to the Bolivian Amazon. The language is also known as Sapiboca (Sapibocona), Maropa, Chumana, and perhaps Warisa (Guariza); these may have corresponded to different dialects.
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Retroflex | (Alveolo-) palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | |||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | tʂ | tɕ | k | kʷ | |
| vd./prenasal | b ~ ᵐb | dʐ ~ ᶯdʐ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ɕ | h | ||||
| voiced | (β) | ð | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||
| Rhotic | ɾ | |||||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | |||||
Voiced sounds /b, dʐ/ are heard as prenasal [ᵐb, ᶯdʐ], except in word-initial positions, where the nasal component is weak or not heard.[4]
/w/ may also be heard as a fricative [β] when before front vowels /i, e/.
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ʊ | |
| Mid | e | ||
| Open | a |
Sounds /i, ʊ/ may also be heard as semivowels [j, w] when in the position of consonants.[5]
References
edit- ^ Reyesano language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Guillaume, Antoine (2010). "Documentation du reyesano de Bolivie: portraits des derniers locuteurs". Faits de Langues. 35–36 (1): 265–286. doi:10.1163/19589514-035-036-01-900000015. ISSN 1244-5460.
- ^ "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2012 Bolivia Características de la Población". Instituto Nacional de Estadística, República de Bolivia. p. 29. Archived from the original on 2021-08-01. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
- ^ Antoine, Guillaume (2012). "Maropa (reyesano)". In Crevels, Mily; Muysken, Pieter (eds.). Lenguas de Bolivia, tomo II: Amazonía (in Spanish). La Paz: Plural Editores. pp. 191–232.
- ^ Gallinate Soliz, Gabriel Alfredo (2018). Análisis acústico para la redefinición de los inventarios fonético y fonémico de las consonantes de la lengua Maropa, en el municipio de Reyes, Beni. Universidad Mayor de San Simón MA thesis.
External links
edit- Lenguas de Bolivia (online edition) Archived 2019-09-04 at the Wayback Machine
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