Orang Kalmyk 📖 Wikipedia

Kalmuk
Хальмгуд Halm'gud

Jumlah populasi
196,000
Daerah dengan populasi signifikan
Kalmykia (Rusia)
Rusia	183,372[1][2]
Ukraina	325[3]
Kirgizstan	12,000[4]
Bahasa
Kalmyk Oirat, Rusia
Agama
Kebanyakan Buddhisme Tibet Minoritas Kristen Ortodoks di Rusia[5] Mayoritas Islam Sunni di Kirgizstan Minorias Yudaisme di Belarus[6]
Kelompok etnik terkait
Mongol, khususnya Oirat

Kalmuk (Oirat: Хальмгcode: xal is deprecated Khalmg [χɐʎmə̆q]; Khalkha: Халимагcode: mn is deprecated Khalimag [χɛɮʲmə̆q]) adalah sebuah suku bangsa Oirat di Rusia, yang leluhurnya bermigrasi dari Dzungaria pada 1607. Mereka membuat Khanat Kalmuk pada 1630–1724 di wilayah Kaukasus Utara Rusia. Sekarang, mereka membentuk mayoritas di republik otonomi Kalmykia di pesisir barat Laut Kaspia.

Melalui emigrasi, komunitas Kalmuk kecil berada di Amerika Serikat, Prancis, Jerman, dan Republik Ceko.^[7]

• Vladimir Lenin^[8]
• Ilya Ulyanov^[9]
• Oka Gorodovikov
• Lavr Kornilov^[10]

• Kho Orluk
• Shukhur Daichin — 1654-1661
• Puntsug (Monchak) — 1661-1669
• Ayuka Khan — 1669-1724
• Tseren Donduk Khan — 1724-1735
• Donduk Ombo Khan — 1735-1741
• Donduk Dashi Khan — 1741-1761
• Ubashi Khan — 1761-1771

• Adelman, Fred. Kalmyk Cultural Renewal, PhD Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania,1960.
• Anonymous. Donskaia Oblast, Donskoi Pervyi Okrug, Donskoi Vtoroi Okrug (translation: The Don Region, First Don District, Second Don District), Novyi Entsliklopedicheskii Solvar, XVI, 1914.
• Anuchin, D. "Kalmyki", Entsiklopedicheskii Slovar Brokgauz-Efrona, XIV, St. Petersburg, 1914.
• Arbakov, Dorzha. Genocide in the USSR, Chapter II, Complete Destruction of National Groups as Groups, The Kalmyks, Nikolai Dekker and Andrei Lebed, Editors, Series I, No. 40, Institute for the Study of the USSR, Munich, 1958.
• Borisov, T.K. Kalmykiya; a historic-political and socio-economic survey, Moscow-Leningrad, 1926.
• Bormanshinov, Arash. The Kalmyks: Their Ethnic, Historical, Religious, and Cultural Background, Kalmyk American Cultural Association, Occasional Papers Number One, 1990.
• Bretschneider, E.V. Medieval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources, 2 vols., London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1910.
• Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Foret, Philippe; Millward, James A (2004). New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde. Routledge. ISBN 1134362226. Diakses tanggal 2014-03-10.
• Dzhimbinov, B. Sovetskaia Kalmykiia, Moscow, 1940.
• Grin, François. Kalmykia: From Oblivion to Assertion, European Center or Minority Issues, ECMI Working Paper #10, 2000.
• Grousset, René. The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia, Rutgers University Press, 1970.
• Halkovic, Jr., Stephen A. THE MONGOLS OF THE WEST, Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, Volume 148, Larry Moses, Editor, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1985.
• Haslund, Henning. MEN AND GODS IN MONGOLIA, National Travel Club, New York, E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1935.
• Heller, Mikhail and Nekrich, Aleksandr M. Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present, Summit Books, 1988.
• Krader, Lawrence. Social Organization of the Mongol-Turkic Pastoral Nomads, Indiana University Publications, Uralic and Altaic Series, Vol. 20., 1963.
• Khodarkovsky, Michael. Where Two Worlds Met: The Russian State and the Kalmyk Nomads 1600–1771, Cornell University Press, 1992.
• Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, Sanj Khoyt, Marcin Wozniak, Tomasz Grzybowski and Ilya Zakharov. Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels
• Loewenthal, Rudolf. THE KALMUKS AND OF THE KALMUK ASSR: A Case in the Treatment of Minorities in the Soviet Union, External Research Paper No. 101, Office of Intelligence Research, Department of State, September 5, 1952.
• Millward, James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 (Edisi illustrated). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804729336. Diakses tanggal 2014-03-10.
• Pallas, Peter Simon. Sammlungen Historischer Nachrichten über die Mongolischen Völkerschaften pada Google Books, 2 vols., St. Petersburg: Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1776.
• Pelliot, Paul. Notes sur le Turkestan, T'oung Pao, XXVII, 1930.
• Poppe, Nicholas N. The Mongolian Language Handbook, Center for Applied Linguistics, 1970.
• Pozdneev, A.M. Kalmytskoe Verouchenie, Entsiklopedicheskii Slovar Brokgauz-Efrona, XIV, St. Petersburg, 1914.
• Riasanovsky, V.A. Customary Law of the Mongol Tribes (Mongols, Buriats, Kalmucks), Harbin, 1929
• Williamson, H.N.H. FAREWELL TO THE DON: The Russian Revolution in the Journals of Brigadier H.N.H. Williamson, John Harris, Editor, The John Day Company, New York, 1970.
• Wang Jinglan, Shao Xingzhou, Cui Jing et al. Anthropological survey on the Mongolian Tuerhute tribe in He shuo county, Xinjiang Uigur autonomous region // Acta anthropologica sinica. Vol. XII, № 2. May, 1993. pp. 137–146.
• Williamson, Hudleston Noel Hedworth (1970). Farewell to the Don: The Journal of Brigadier H. N. H. Williamson. Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-211164-5.
• Санчиров В. П. О Происхождении этнонима торгут и народа, носившего это название // Монголо-бурятские этнонимы: cб. ст. – Улан-Удэ: БНЦ СО РАН, 1996. C. 31–50.
• Galushkin S.K., Spitsyn V.A., Crawford M.H. Genetic Structure of Mongolic-speaking Kalmyks // Human Biology, December 2001, v.73, no. 6, pp. 823–834.
• Хойт С.К. Генетическая структура европейских ойратских групп по локусам ABO, RH, HP, TF, GC, ACP1, PGM1, ESD, GLO1, SOD-A // Проблемы этнической истории и культуры тюрко-монгольских народов. Сборник научных трудов. Вып. I. Элиста: КИГИ РАН, 2009. с. 146–183.
• [hamagmongol.narod.ru/library/khoyt_2008_r.htm Хойт С.К. Антропологические характеристики калмыков по данным исследователей XVIII–XIX вв. // Вестник Прикаспия: археология, история, этнография. № 1. Элиста: Изд-во КГУ, 2008. с. 220–243.]
• [hamagmongol.narod.ru/library/khoyt_2012_r.htm Хойт С.К. Калмыки в работах антропологов первой половины XX вв. // Вестник Прикаспия: археология, история, этнография. № 3, 2012. с. 215–245.]

• Minorityrights.org
• The Construction of a Yurt
• Khoshotovsky Monastery Reconstruction Project
• "Carte de Tartarie," by Guillaume de L'Isle (1675–1726). From the Map Collection of the Library of Congress
• Kalmyk-Oirat: A Language of Russia (Europe)
• BBC News Regions and Territories: Kalmykia
• Kalmyk-Oirat: A Language of China
• Kalmyk-Oirat: A Language of Mongolia
• Prayer Profile: The Kalmyk of Russia
• Kalmyk. (2006). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 7, 2006.
• History of Kalmykia. Retrieved from Official Web Site of the Government of the Republic of Kalmykia Diarsipkan 2011-07-19 di Wayback Machine.
• Трагедия Великой Степи (Tragedy of Great Steppe) Diarsipkan 2006-08-18 di Wayback Machine.
• Genetic Evidence for the Mongolian Ancestry of Kalmyks, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 126 (2005)
• ibid., p7.
• Official Web Site of the Embassy of Republic of Kalmykia at the President of the Russian Federation.
• Dge-lugs-pa. (2006). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 6, 2006.
• Tibetan Buddhism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05. Retrieved March 6, 2006.
• History of Buddhism in West Turkistan
• Europe's biggest Buddhist temple opens in Kalmykia
• Linguistic Lineage for Kalmyk-Oirat
• Kalmyk News Agency
• The proof of business life of Kalmykia Diarsipkan 2016-11-28 di Wayback Machine.
• The Kalmyk between China and Russia
• Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt (NUPI)'s Centre for Russian Studies Kalmykiya page Diarsipkan 2006-12-21 di Wayback Machine.
• Kalmyk Buddhist Temple in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (1929–1944);
• US Library of Congress Country Studies: Russia, The North Caucasus
• Web-Portal of the Interregional Not-for-Profit Organization "The Leaders of Kalmykia" Diarsipkan 2019-01-24 di Wayback Machine.
• Kalmyk Brotherhood Society, Philadelphia, PA Diarsipkan 2007-02-09 di Wayback Machine.
• Kalmyk American Society
• Kalmuck Mongolian Buddhist Center, Howell, NJ Diarsipkan 2013-03-06 di Wayback Machine.
• Kalmyk tales in Kalmyk language Diarsipkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine.