Gedung Empire State 📖 Wikipedia

Empire State Building
Empire State Building
Rekor tinggi
	Tertinggi di dunia sejak 1931 hingga 1972
Didahului	Chrysler Building
Digantikan	Menara Kembar World Trade Center
Informasi umum
Jenis	Perkantoran, observasi
Lokasi	350 Fifth Avenue; New York, NY 10118; Amerika Serikat
Koordinat	40°44′54.36″N 73°59′08.36″W / 40.7484333°N 73.9856556°W
Mulai dibangun	1929
Selesai dibangun	1931
Biaya	$40.948.900
Manajemen	W&H Properties
Tinggi
Arsitektural	1.250 ft (381,0 m)
Pucuk	1.454 ft (443,2 m)
Atap	1.250 ft (381,0 m)
Lantai atas	1.224 ft (373,1 m)
Menara pandang	1.224 ft (373,1 m)
Data teknis
Jumlah lantai	102
Luas lantai	2.248.355 sq ft (208.879 m2)
Lift	73
Desain dan konstruksi
Arsitek	Shreve, Lamb and Harmon
Pengembang	John J. Raskob
Teknisi struktural	Homer Gage Balcom
Kontraktor utama	Starrett Brothers and Eken
	Gedung Empire State
	Daftar Tempat Bersejarah Nasional di AS
	U.S. National Historic Landmark
	NYC Landmark
Koordinat:	40°44′54.36″N 73°59′08.36″W / 40.7484333°N 73.9856556°W
Dibangun:	1929–31
Arsitek:	Shreve, Lamb and Harmon
Gaya arsitektur:	Art Deco
NRHP Referensi#:	82001192
Tanggal penting
Dimasukkan ke NRHP:	17 November 1982
Ditetapkan NHL:	24 Juni 1986
Ditetapkan :	19 Mei 1981
Referensi

Empire State Building adalah sebuah pencakar langit berlantai 102 yang terletak di Midtown Manhattan, New York City, di persimpangan Fifth Avenue dan West 34th Street. Gedung ini memiliki tinggi puncak 381 meter. Jika menggabungkan menara antenanya, tinggi gedung ini mencapai 443,2 m.^[5] Namanya diambil dari julukan New York, yaitu Empire State. Empire State Building sempat menjadi bangunan tertinggi di dunia selama 40 tahun, sejak selesai dibangun tahun 1931 sampai rampungnya Menara Utara World Trade Center pada tahun 1972. Pasca-serangan 11 September tahun 2001, Empire State Building kembali menjadi bangunan tertinggi di New York (bukan di Amerika Serikat atau dunia). Empire State Building lagi-lagi menjadi bangunan tertinggi kedua di New York pada tanggal 30 April 2012 setelah One World Trade Center yang baru mengalahkan tingginya.^[10] Empire State Building saat ini merupakan pencakar langit rampung tertinggi ketiga di Amerika Serikat (setelah Menara Willis dan Trump International Hotel and Tower di Chicago) dan tertinggi ke-22 di dunia. Gedung ini juga merupakan struktur berdiri bebas tertinggi keempat di Amerika.

Empire State Building pada umumnya menjadi ikon budaya Amerika Serikat. Gedung ini dirancang dengan gaya Art Deco dan dijuluki sebagai salah satu Tujuh Keajaiban Dunia Modern oleh American Society of Civil Engineers. Gedung dan interior lantai bawahnya adalah ditetapkan sebagai markah tanah oleh New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission dan New York City Board of Estimate.^[11] Gedung ini ditetapkan sebagai National Historic Landmark pada tahun 1986.^[8]^[12]^[13] Pada tahun 2007, Empire State Building menempati peringkat satu dalam daftar arsitektur terfavorit di Amerika Serikat menurut AIA.

Gedung ini dimiliki oleh 2.800 investor yang tergabung dalam Empire State Building Associates L.L.C.^[14] Empire State Building saat ini menjalani renovasi senilai $550 juta. $120 juta di antaranya dianggarkan untuk mengubah bangunan ini menjadi lebih hemat energi dan ramah lingkungan.^[15] Setelan menerima penilaian emas dari Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) bulan September 2011, Empire State Building menjadi bangunan bersertifikasi LEED tertinggi di Amerika Serikat.^[16]

Penyewa utama

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Saat ini

Air China, Suite 6905^[17]
Boy Scouts of America, Greater New York Councils, Suite 430^[18]
Coty^[19]
Croatian National Tourist Board, Suite 4003^[20]^[21]
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation^[22]
Filipino Reporter, Suite 1007^[20]^[23]
Human Rights Foundation, Suite 4515^[24]
Human Rights Watch, 34th Floor^[20]^[25]
Kaplan International Center, 63rd Floor^[26]
The King's College, Suite 1500^[27]
Li & Fung^[28]
LinkedIn^[29]

Noven Pharmaceuticals^[30]
People's Daily^[31]
Polish Cultural Institute, Suite 4621^[20]^[32]
Turkish Airlines^[33]
World Monuments Fund, Suite 2412^[34]

Sebelumnya

China National Tourist Office^[20] (now located at 370 Lexington Avenue)^[35]
National Film Board of Canada^[20] (now located at 1123 Broadway)^[36]
Nathaniel Branden Institute^[37]
Schenley

Lihat pula

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Catatan kaki

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^ The Empire State Building is located within the 10001 zip code area, but 10118 is assigned as the building's own zip code. Source: USPS.
^ National Geodetic Survey datasheet KU3602. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tanda <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Enc-NY-ESB
^ "ESBNYC.com". Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2012-07-05. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Empire State Building - The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2012-05-24. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-15.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tanda <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama cost
^ "Homer G. Balcom, Engineer, Is Dead". The New York Times. July 5, 1938. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2021-03-28. Diakses tanggal August 8, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Empire State Building". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 11, 2007. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2011-08-28. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-15.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2007-01-23.
^ "It's official: 1 WTC is New York's new tallest building". NY Daily News. April 30, 2012. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2012-05-03. Diakses tanggal April 30, 2012.
^ White, Norval & Willensky, Elliot. AIA Guide to New York City (4th ed.) New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8129-3107-6. p.226.
^ Pitts, Carolyn (April 26, 1985). "Empire State Building" (PDF). National Historic Landmark Nomination. National Park Service. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2009-03-29. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-15.
^ "Empire State Building—Accompanying 7 photos, exterior and interior, from 1978" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places Inventory. National Park Service. April 26, 1985. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2009-03-29. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-15.
^ "Empire State Building Associates L.L.C. – Empire State Building". SEC.gov. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2022-10-27. Diakses tanggal December 6, 2012.
^ "2009 ULI Fall Meeting & Urban Land Expo — Green Retrofit: What Is Making This the Wave of the Future?". Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2010-11-22. Diakses tanggal October 11, 2010.
^ "Empire State Building Achieves LEED Gold Certification | Inhabitat New York City". Inhabitat.com. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2017-06-28. Diakses tanggal October 12, 2011.
^ "The Americas Diarsipkan 2012-10-20 di Wayback Machine.." Air China. Retrieved on October 15, 2012. "New York AIR CHINA Ltd.(New York) Empire State Building 350 Fifth Avenue, Suite 6905 New York, NY 10118"
^ Charity Navigator Rating - Boy Scouts of America, Greater New York Councils Diarsipkan 2020-10-30 di Wayback Machine..
^ Coty expands in Empire State Building Diarsipkan 2013-03-08 di Wayback Machine..
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Foreigners flocking to 350 Fifth Avenue Diarsipkan 2015-12-30 di Wayback Machine.." Real Estate Weekly. June 30, 2004.
^ Home page Diarsipkan 2011-03-05 di Wayback Machine.. Croatian National Tourist Board. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
^ FDIC to Move Into Empire State Building Diarsipkan 2015-09-03 di Wayback Machine..
^ "Contact Diarsipkan 2014-11-29 di Wayback Machine.." Filipino Reporter. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
^ Human Rights Foundation Diarsipkan 2019-06-08 di Wayback Machine..
^ "Contact Diarsipkan 2008-09-28 di Wayback Machine.." Human Rights Watch. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
^ Kaplan International school at ESB Diarsipkan 2015-01-05 di Wayback Machine..
^ "The King's College". Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2023-07-20. Diakses tanggal November 1, 2008.
^ Empire expansion.
^ "The Tangled Tale Behind the Empire State Building's IPO". Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2012-09-02. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-15.
^ Pharma Firm Bolts Chrysler Building for Empire State Diarsipkan 2023-04-09 di Wayback Machine..
^ Reds Go Green: Chinese Communist Party Newspaper Signs Empire State Building Lease Diarsipkan 2011-12-16 di Wayback Machine..
^ Home Page Diarsipkan 2012-05-29 di Wayback Machine.. Polish Cultural Institute in New York. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
^ Four Tenants Claim Pre-Built Green Suites in Empire State Building. ^{[pranala nonaktif]}
^ World Monuments Fund Diarsipkan 2015-09-10 di Wayback Machine..
^ "Contact Us Diarsipkan 2008-09-14 di Wayback Machine.." China National Tourist Office. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
^ "Contact us." National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
^ In Answer to Ayn Rand Diarsipkan 2022-12-21 di Wayback Machine. by Nathaniel Branden at his ex-wife's website

Bacaan lanjutan

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Aaseng, Nathan (1998). Construction: Building the Impossible. Minneapolis, MN: The Oliver Press, Inc. ISBN 978-1-881508-59-5.
Bascomb, Neal (2003). Higher: A Historic Race to the Sky and the Making of a City. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-50660-1.
Goldman, Jonathan (1980). The Empire State Building Book. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-24455-2.
James, Theodore, Jr. (1975). The Empire State Building. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-012172-3. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
Kingwell, Mark (2006). Nearest Thing to Heaven: The Empire State Building and American Dreams. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10622-0.
Pacelle, Mitchell (2001). Empire: A Tale of Obsession, Betrayal, and the Battle for an American Icon. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-40394-4.
Tauranac, John (1995). The Empire State Building: The Making of a Landmark. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-19678-7.
Wagner, Geraldine B. (2003). Thirteen Months to Go: The Creation of the Empire State Building. San Diego, CA: Thunder Bay Press. ISBN 978-1-59223-105-8.
Willis, Carol; Friedman, Donald (1998). Building the Empire State. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-73030-2.

Pranala luar

sunting

esbnyc.com Diarsipkan 2009-12-25 di Wayback Machine., the building's official website
Empire State Building Diarsipkan 2012-05-24 di Wayback Machine. on CTBUH Skyscraper Center
Film footage of the construction of the Empire State Building, 1930 Diarsipkan 2022-03-10 di Wayback Machine.
Hearst Magazines (1930-12). Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. hlm. 920. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2023-07-29. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-15. ;
Commercial Construction.com Diarsipkan 2023-06-07 di Wayback Machine.
Empire State Building Green Retrofit
Empire State Building Trivia Diarsipkan 2006-02-06 di Wayback Machine.
Empire State Building Information Diarsipkan 2012-07-11 di Wayback Machine.
The Construction of the Empire State Building, 1930–1931 Diarsipkan 2014-10-09 di Wayback Machine., New York Public Library
VIVA2 Diarsipkan 2012-07-17 di Wayback Machine. – Online archive of over 500 construction photographs
Gedung Empire State di basis data Structurae
Streetscapes: The Empire State Building Diarsipkan 2014-11-29 di Wayback Machine. — slideshow by The New York Times

Rekor
Didahului oleh: Chrysler Building	Struktur tertinggi di dunia 1931–1954	Diteruskan oleh: KWTV Mast
	Struktur darat berdiri bebas tertinggi di dunia 1931–1967	Diteruskan oleh: Ostankino Tower
	Bangunan tertinggi di dunia 1931–1972	Diteruskan oleh: World Trade Center
	Bangunan tertinggi di Amerika Serikat 1931–1972	Diteruskan oleh: World Trade Center

[EmpireZip-1] The Empire State Building is located within the 10001 zip code area, but 10118 is assigned as the building's own zip code. Source: USPS.

[2] National Geodetic Survey datasheet KU3602. Retrieved July 26, 2009.

[Enc-NY-ESB-3] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tanda <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Enc-NY-ESB

[4] "ESBNYC.com". Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2012-07-05. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-15.

[skyscraperCenter-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Empire State Building - The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2012-05-24. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-15.

[cost-6] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tanda <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama cost

[7] "Homer G. Balcom, Engineer, Is Dead". The New York Times. July 5, 1938. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2021-03-28. Diakses tanggal August 8, 2011.

[nhlsum-8] "Empire State Building". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 11, 2007. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2011-08-28. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-15.

[nris-9] "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2007-01-23.

[10] "It's official: 1 WTC is New York's new tallest building". NY Daily News. April 30, 2012. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2012-05-03. Diakses tanggal April 30, 2012.

[AIA-11] White, Norval & Willensky, Elliot. AIA Guide to New York City (4th ed.) New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8129-3107-6. p.226.

[nhlnom-12] Pitts, Carolyn (April 26, 1985). "Empire State Building" (PDF). National Historic Landmark Nomination. National Park Service. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2009-03-29. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-15.

[nrhpphotos-13] "Empire State Building—Accompanying 7 photos, exterior and interior, from 1978" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places Inventory. National Park Service. April 26, 1985. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2009-03-29. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-15.

[14] "Empire State Building Associates L.L.C. – Empire State Building". SEC.gov. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2022-10-27. Diakses tanggal December 6, 2012.

[esbnyc1-15] "2009 ULI Fall Meeting & Urban Land Expo — Green Retrofit: What Is Making This the Wave of the Future?". Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2010-11-22. Diakses tanggal October 11, 2010.

[inhabitat1-16] "Empire State Building Achieves LEED Gold Certification | Inhabitat New York City". Inhabitat.com. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2017-06-28. Diakses tanggal October 12, 2011.

[17] "The Americas Diarsipkan 2012-10-20 di Wayback Machine.." Air China. Retrieved on October 15, 2012. "New York AIR CHINA Ltd.(New York) Empire State Building 350 Fifth Avenue, Suite 6905 New York, NY 10118"

[18] Charity Navigator Rating - Boy Scouts of America, Greater New York Councils Diarsipkan 2020-10-30 di Wayback Machine..

[19] Coty expands in Empire State Building Diarsipkan 2013-03-08 di Wayback Machine..

[Foreigners-20] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Foreigners flocking to 350 Fifth Avenue Diarsipkan 2015-12-30 di Wayback Machine.." Real Estate Weekly. June 30, 2004.

[21] Home page Diarsipkan 2011-03-05 di Wayback Machine.. Croatian National Tourist Board. Retrieved September 4, 2008.

[22] FDIC to Move Into Empire State Building Diarsipkan 2015-09-03 di Wayback Machine..

[23] "Contact Diarsipkan 2014-11-29 di Wayback Machine.." Filipino Reporter. Retrieved September 4, 2008.

[24] Human Rights Foundation Diarsipkan 2019-06-08 di Wayback Machine..

[25] "Contact Diarsipkan 2008-09-28 di Wayback Machine.." Human Rights Watch. Retrieved September 4, 2008.

[26] Kaplan International school at ESB Diarsipkan 2015-01-05 di Wayback Machine..

[tkc.edu-27] "The King's College". Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2023-07-20. Diakses tanggal November 1, 2008.

[28] Empire expansion.

[29] "The Tangled Tale Behind the Empire State Building's IPO". Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2012-09-02. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-15.

[30] Pharma Firm Bolts Chrysler Building for Empire State Diarsipkan 2023-04-09 di Wayback Machine..

[31] Reds Go Green: Chinese Communist Party Newspaper Signs Empire State Building Lease Diarsipkan 2011-12-16 di Wayback Machine..

[32] Home Page Diarsipkan 2012-05-29 di Wayback Machine.. Polish Cultural Institute in New York. Retrieved September 4, 2008.

[33] Four Tenants Claim Pre-Built Green Suites in Empire State Building. ^{[pranala nonaktif]}

[34] World Monuments Fund Diarsipkan 2015-09-10 di Wayback Machine..

[35] "Contact Us Diarsipkan 2008-09-14 di Wayback Machine.." China National Tourist Office. Retrieved September 4, 2008.

[36] "Contact us." National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved September 4, 2008.

[37] In Answer to Ayn Rand Diarsipkan 2022-12-21 di Wayback Machine. by Nathaniel Branden at his ex-wife's website

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Gedung Empire State 📖 Wikipedia

Daftar isi

Penyewa utama

Lihat pula

Catatan kaki

Bacaan lanjutan

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