| Qapaghan Qaghan | |
|---|---|
| Chanyu | |
| Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate | |
| Reign | 692 โ 716 |
| Predecessor | Ilterish Qaghan |
| Successor | Inel Qaghan |
| Born | Ashina Mochuo ้ฟๅฒ้ฃ้ปๅ 664[1] |
| Died | July 22, 716 (agedย 51โ52) Manchuria |
| Issue | Ilterish Qaghan (brother) Ashina Duoxifu (brother) Inel Khagan (son) |
| House | Ashina |
| Father | Etmish Beg |
| Religion | Tengrism |
Qapaghan or Qapghan Qaghan (Old Turkic: ๐ฐด๐ฐฏ๐ฐ๐ฐฃ:๐ฐด๐ฐ๐ฐฃ, romanized:ย Qapaษฃan qaษฃan,[2] lit. meaning "the conqueror",[3][4] simplified Chinese: ่ฟๅ; traditional Chinese: ้ทๅ; pinyin: Qiฤnshร n, Xiao'erjing: ูฟูููุง ุดูุง, Dungan: ะงัะฝัะฐะฝ, Chinese: ้ฟๅฒ้ฃโข้ปๅ; pinyin: ฤshวnร Mรฒchuรฒ, also called Bรถgรผ Qaghan (Old Turkic: ๐ฐ๐ฐ๐ฐ:๐ฐด๐ฐ๐ฐฃ, romanized:ย Bรถgรผ qaษฃan) in Tonyukuk inscriptions)[5] was the second qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate and was the younger brother of the first qaghan, Ilterish Qaghan. His reign (691โ716) marked the apogee of the military and political might of the Second Turkic Khaganate and the beginning of its decline.[6]
Name
editHis personal name Mochuo is a Chinese transcription of his Turkic name Bรถgรผ-รor, with Old Turkic: ๐ฐ๐ฐ๐ฐ, romanized:ย Bรถgรผ meaning "wise". The same name occurs in the Sogdian version of the Karabalsagun inscription (821 AD).[7] He used the name Bรถgรผ Chor Shad[8] during Ilterish's reign.[9][10] His regnal name Qapaghan comes from the Old Turkic verb "kap-" meaning "to conquer".
Biography
editEarly years
editQapaghan was born around 664. In 681, he assisted his brother, Ilterish Qaghan, in a revolt against Tang dominion, and succeeded in reviving the Eastern Turkic Khaganate.
In 689, he led a raid to frontier areas. In response, Empress Wu sent Huaiyi to fortify. He advanced to Zi River (็ดซๆฒณ, a tributary of the Yellow River) but did not encounter Turkic forces. He erected a monument at Chanyu Tower (ๅฎไบ่บ, in modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia) before withdrawing.
Reign
editIn 692, Qapaghan succeeded his brother as qaghan. His succession was seen as usurpation in China.[11]
Between 693 and 706 Qapaghanโs army forced a crossing of the Yellow River six times and made deep inroads into northern China against which the Chinese forces could offer no effective resistance. Empress Wu paid vast indemnities to Qapaghan and sent him gifts which were in effect thinly disguised tributes.[12]
In 694, Qapaghan attacked Ling Prefecture (roughly modern Yinchuan, Ningxia), and Wu Zetian commissioned Huaiyi, assisted by the chancellors Li Zhaode and Su Weidao, to defend against Qapaghan's attack, but before the army could set out, Qapaghan withdrew.
In the summer of 696, the Khitan chieftains Li Jinzhong and Sun Wanrong, brothers-in-law, angry over the mistreatment of the Khitan people by the Zhou official Zhao Wenhui (่ถๆ็ฟฝ), the prefect of Ying Prefecture (Chinese: ็ๅท, roughly Chaoyang County, Liaoning), rebelled, with Li assuming the title of Wushang Khan. Armies that Wu Zetian sent to suppress Li and Sun's rebellion were defeated by Khitan forces, which in turn attacked Zhou proper.
Meanwhile, Qapaghan Qaghan offered help but was also launching attacks against Zhou and the Khitanโincluding an attack against the Khitan base of operations during the winter of 696, shortly after Li's death, that captured Li and Sun's families and temporarily halted Khitan operations against Zhou.[13][betterย sourceย needed] Sun, after taking over as khan and reorganizing Khitan forces, again attacked Zhou territory and had many victories over Zhou forces, including a battle during which Wang Shijie was killed.[13][14][betterย sourceย needed] Wu Zetian tried to allay the situation by making peace with Qapaghan at fairly costly termsโthe return of Turkic people who had previously submitted to Zhou and providing Turks with seeds, silk, tools, and iron. In the summer of 697, Qapaghan launched another attack on the Khitan's base of operations, after his attack, the Khitan forces collapsed and Sun was killed in flight, ending the Khitan threat.[14] Empress Wu gave him the title Ilterish Da Chanyu (้ ก่ทๅฉๆฝๅคงๅฎไบ), Ligong Baoguo (็ซๅๅ ฑๅ), Generalissimo of the Left Guards (ๅทฆ่กๅคงๅฐ่ป) as well as Duke of Guiguo (ๆญธๅ)[11] and Qianshan Khagan (่ฟๅๅฏๆฑ), literally meaning "Good moving khagan" in 695.
In winter, after securing the Chinese border, he turned his attention to further northward expansion, notably subjugating Yenisei Kyrgyz and killing their khagan. While preparing an attack on Tรผrgesh forces, his khatun died, so the invasion was called off.[2]
In 698, Qapaghan demanded a Tang dynasty prince for marriage to his daughter, part of a plot to join his family with the Tang, displace the Zhou, and restore Tang rule over China under his influence. When Wu Zetian sent her grandnephew Wu Yanxiu (ๆญฆๅปถ็ง), to marry Qapaghan's daughter instead. Zhang Jianzhi opposed, stating, "In ancient times, no Chinese imperial prince had ever married a barbarian woman as his wife." This opposition drew displeasure from Wu Zetian, as she wanted peace with the Turks, and demoted Zhang to be the prefect of He Prefecture (ๅๅท, modern northern Chongqing). Qapaghan nevertheless rejected the prince.[15] He had no intention to cement the peace treaty with a marriage; instead, when Wu Yanxiu arrived, he detained Wu Yanxiu and then launched a major attack on Zhou, advancing as far south as Zhao Prefecture (่ถๅท, in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei).[14] He made Chinese general Yan Zhiwei (้็ฅๅพฎ) the Southern Khagan (ๅ้ขๅฏๆฑ) and persuaded him to help invade cities of Zhaozhou and Dingzhou.[16] Zhou general Murong Xuanjiao (ๆ ๅฎน็็ฆ) also submitted to Qapaghan with 5,000 soldiers.
In August 698, Qapaghan attacked Dingzhou, captured and killed its governor Sun Yangao (ๅญๅฝฆ้ซ), and burned the city. Wu Zetian issued a proclamation that if anyone killed Qapaghan they would be granted title prince. She subsequently renamed him Zhanchuo (ๆฉๅ, meaning "chopped head") as a play on his name Mochuo.
In September, Zhaozhou was also attacked, Deputy Governor Tang Boruo (ๅๆณข่ฅ) handed over the keys and governor Gao Rui (้ซ็ฟ) was immediately executed.
In October, Qapaghan let Yan Zhiwei go back to China, who was captured and executed on charges of treason.[17]
In 712, the Arab general Qutayba ibn Muslim besieged Samarkand after capturing Khwarazm. The prince of Samarkand appealed to Qapaghan for aid. Qapaghan, who had become overlord of both Tashkent and Ferghana, dispatched Kul Tigin at the head of a combined army of Eastern Turks, Tashkent forces, and Ferghana troops to relieve the besieged city. Despite the strength of the Turkic forces, Qutayba ultimately defeated Kul Tigin's army, forcing the Turks to withdraw and allowing the Umayyads to enter Samarkand and establish a garrison there.[18][19]
Reforms
editIn 699, he appointed his younger brother Ashina Duoxifu as the governor of the eastern wing (Tรถlรถs Shad) and his nephew Ashina Mojilian as governor of western wing with each of them commanding 20,000 men, he also put his son Bรถgรผ as their overseer and made him a lesser qaghan.[20] He was also given command of Onoq with 40,000 men.
Later reign
editIn 703, he sent Tonyukuk for another marriage proposal. Wu Zetian accepted the proposal; in exchange, Wu Yanxiu was released on Qapaghan's order. However, Emperor Zhongzong of Tang's accession changed the political climate.
In 705, Turkic forces commanded by Mojilian entered Lingwu, defeating Shazha Chongyi (ๆฒๅๅฟ ไน), who was then dismissed from service.[20] In response, Zhongzhong declined marriage proposal and proclaimed prize for anyone willing to kill Qapaghan.
In 711, Qapaghan sent a marriage proposal to Ruizong, this time intending to marry a Tang princess. Emperor Ruizong accepted and made a daughter of Li Chengqi, Princess Jinshan (้ๅฑฑๅ ฌไธป). Qapaghan sent his son Ashina Yangwozhi (้ฟๅฒ้ฃๆฅๆๆฏ) to Chang'an. However, the decision was soon reversed by the newly enthroned Xuanzong.
Later that year Tรผrgesh forces were crushed by Tonyukuk at the Battle of Bolchu. Certain Bars Beg[20] (or probably Suluk) was appointed chief of the Tรผrgesh and married Mojilian's daughter. In 713, the Karluks were defeated by combined forces of Kapaghan, Mojilian and Kul Tegin.
In 714, February Bรถgรผ, Tonga Tegin and Qapaghan's brother-in-law Huoba Elteber Ashibi attacked Beiting, during the siege Tonga Tegin was killed, while Ashibi fled to the Tang, where he was renamed Huoba Guiren (็ซๆๆญธไป) and made a general.
In 715, due to his cruelty, some of his men and a number of tribes, including his Korean son-in-law Gao Wenjian (้ซๆ็ฐก) and Ashide son-in-law Ashide Hulu (้ฟๅฒๅพท่ก็ฆ) submitted to the Tang. Rebellions of tribes followed.
Death
editQapaghan was on his way back from suppressing the revolting Tiele tribes of Uyghurs, Tongluo, Baixi, Bayegu and Xueyantuo, was ambushed killed by a Bayegu tribesman named Xiezhilue (้ข่ดจ็ฅ) on 22 July 716 while passing through a forest. His severed head was sent to Chang'an.[11][21]
Family
editAccording to Cuisenier, he married El Bilga Khatun, a widow of his brother.[22] He had a number of issues:
- Inel Khagan
- Tonga Tegin (d. 713, Beiting)
- Mo Tegin (Left Wise Prince)
- Bilge Tegin (Right Wise Prince)
- Ashina Yangwozhi (้ฟๅฒ้ฃๆฅๆๆฏ) (d. 715)
- Kuchluk Bilge Khatun (698โ723) was married to Ashide Hulu (้ฟๅฒๅพท่ก็ฆ)
- Unnamed daughter was married to Gao Wenjian (้ซๆ็ฐก)
In popular culture
edit- Portrayed by Kang Jae-ik in the 2006-2007 KBS TV series Dae Jo-yeong.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Sertkaya, O. F. (1995). Gรถktรผrk tarihinin meseleleri (in Turkish). Ankara: Tรผrk Kรผltรผrรผnรผ Araลtฤฑrma Enstitรผsรผ. p.ย 81.
- ^ a b Tonyukukโs Memorial Complex, TรRIK BITIG
- ^ ฤฐ. Kafesoฤlu, 2002: Tarihte Tรผrk adฤฑ, p. 115
- ^ R. Giraud, L'Inscription de Bain-Tsokto, p. 149
- ^ "Turk Bitig". Archived from the original on 2023-06-13. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
- ^ History of Civilizations of Central Asia. UNESCO. 2006. p.ย 333. ISBNย 978-9231032110.
- ^ Akadรฉmiai Kiadรณ, 1985, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, p. 146
- ^ Clauson, ED, p. 427
- ^ Sertkaya, 1995, p. 81
- ^ Aydฤฑn, 2011, p. 12
- ^ a b c Old Book of Tang, Vol. 194-I
- ^ History of Civilizations of Central Asia. UNESCO. 2006. p.ย 334. ISBNย 978-9231032110.
- ^ a b Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 205.
- ^ a b c Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 206.
- ^ Jonathan Wolfram Eberhard (1997). A history of China. University of California Press. p.ย 186. ISBNย 978-0-520-03268-2. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Woo, X. L. (2008). Empress Wu the Great: Tang Dynasty China. Algora Publishing. ISBNย 9780875866628.
- ^ Drompp, Michael R. (2007). "Chinese "Qaghans" Appointed by the Tรผrks". T'ang Studies. 2007 (25): 183. doi:10.1179/073750307790779504. ISSNย 0737-5034. S2CIDย 177195777.
- ^ Beckwith, Christopher I. (1993). The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese During the Early Middle Ages. Princeton University Press. p.ย 77. ISBNย 0691024693.
In 93 A.H./A.D. 712 Qutayba b. Muslim continued his successful campaigns of conquest by force and trickery. After taking Khwarizmia by treachery, he marched on Samarkand, assisted by Bukharan and Khwarizmian troops. This caused Ghirak, the prince of Samarkand, to write to the king of Tashkent for help. In this hour of need, Qapaghan Qaghan responded. Because Qapaghan had become the protector of Ferghana by his conquest of the Tiirgis and because he had also become the overlord of the king of Tashkent, major support of Samarkand was in order. He sent Kul Tegin, in command of an Eastern Turkic army with men of Tashkent and Ferghana as well, to attack the besieging Arabs. The Arabs defeated them, however, and although the Eastern Turks profited greatly from this expedition into Sogdiana,'" Qutayba still managed to enter Samarkand and establish a garrison there.
- ^ Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. p.ย 133. ISBNย 9780691135892.
In 712 Qutayba seized Khwarizm by trickery and settled an Arab colony there. In that year, he also besieged Samarkand. Its king appealed to Tashkent for help, so as overlords of Tash-kent the Eastern Tรผrk sent an army led by Kรถl Tigin into Sogdiana in his support. But Qutayba prevailed. The Tรผrk were forced to withdraw, and the Arabs established a garrison in Samarkand
- ^ a b c Ahmet., Taลaฤil (1995โ2004). Gรถk-Tรผrkler. Atatรผrk Kรผltรผr, Dil, ve Tarih Yรผksek Kurumu (Turkey). Ankara: Tรผrk Tarih Kurumu Basฤฑmevi. ISBNย 975161113X. OCLCย 33892575.
- ^ Grousset, Empire of the Steppes, page110
- ^ Cuisenier, Jean (1972). "Parentรฉ et organisation sociale dans le domaine turc". Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales (in French). 27 (4): 923โ948. doi:10.3406/ahess.1972.422573. ISSNย 0395-2649. S2CIDย 162360660.
