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"Zaar languages" redirects here; not to be confused with Zaar language.
South Bauchi
Barawa; B.3 West Chadic
Geographic
distribution		Toro, Dass, Tafawa Balewa, Bauchi LGAs of Bauchi State and Kanam Plateau, Wase Plateau in Plateau State, Nigeria
Linguistic classificationAfro-Asiatic
Proto-languageProto-South Bauchi
Language codes
Glottologwest2800
West Chadic per Newman (1977)
Main Chadic-speaking peoples in Nigeria

The South Bauchi languages (also called the B.3 West Chadic or Barawa languages) are a branch of West Chadic languages that are spoken in Bauchi State and Plateau State, Nigeria.

An extensive lexical survey of the South Bauchi languages had been carried out by Kiyoshi Shimizu from 1974 to 1975.[1] Another early survey was that of Gowers (1907), which included 42 languages of Bauchi.[2]

Languages

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The South Bauchi languages include:[3]

South Bauchi languages

Roger Blench (2020) counted around 38 South Bauchi languages.[4]

Internal classification

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Shimizu (1978)

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Shimizu (1978) classifies the South Bauchi languages as follows.[1] Individual languages are highlighted in italics.

  • South Bauchi
    • East branch
      • Boghom subgroup
        • Bรฒghรฒm (Burrum)
        • Kir cluster
          • Kiir (Kir); Laร r (Balร r)
          • Mรกnsi (Mangas)
      • Guruntum subgroup
        • Guruntum cluster
          • Mbaarรน
          • Gรนrรนntรนm
        • Tala cluster
          • Sรฒรฒr (Zaล‹wal); Zaล‹wal of Zungur
          • Lungu (Tala)
          • Shรฒ (Jรน); Jimi
    • West branch
      • Barawa subgroup
        • North Barawa
          • Geji cluster
            • Mษจฬ€gang (Booluu), Pelu; Gyaanzi (Gรจรจjรฌ)
            • Buu (Zร rร ndaa)
          • Polci cluster
            • Zรนl; Barang (Baram), Dรฌรฌr (Baram Dutse)
            • Bษจฬ€lษจฬ€ (Bรนlรฌ); Nyรกmzร x (Laล‹as), Lundur; Posษจ (Polci)
        • South Barawa
          • Zeem cluster
            • Zeem; Tule (Tulai); Chaari
            • Dokshรฌ (Lushi)
          • Dass cluster
            • Dษจkshi (Bร raza?); Bร ndas (Dur)
            • Boรฒdlษจ (Zumbul); Wangdร y (Wanษ—รฌ); Zรฒdรฌ (Dwร t)
          • Saya cluster
            • Zร ksษจฬ€ (Zร kshรฌ); Bรฒรฒt (Boto); Zaarษจ (Zari); Sigidi
            • Zaar of Kร l; Zaar of Gร mbar Lรจรจre; Zaar of Lรนsa

Blench (2021)

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Roger Blench (2021) classifies the South Bauchi languages as follows.[5]

  • South Bauchi
    • Jimi
    • Boghom cluster: Mantsi, Boghom, Kir-Balar
    • Gurdung cluster: Gurdung, Mbaaru, Ju, Tala, Zangwal
    • Zaar branch
      • Das cluster: Diksyhi, Dur, Zumbul, Dot, Wangdi
      • Polci cluster: Zul, Mbaram, Diir, Buli, Nyamzax, Polci, Luri (โ€ )
      • Zeem cluster: Zeem (โ€ ), Tuli (โ€ ), Caari, Dyarim, Dokshi
      • Geji cluster: Megang, Pelu, Geji, Buu

Names and locations

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Below is a comprehensive list of South Bauchi language names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019).[6]

Language Branch Cluster Dialects Alternate spellings Own name for language Endonym(s) Other names (location-based) Other names for language Exonym(s) Speakers Location(s) Notes
Aja (extinct) Zaar North Bauchi Ajanci Extinct: formerly spoken at Kworko, Bauchi State no data
Das cluster Zaar Das ฦarawa 8,830 (LA 1971) Bauchi State, Toro and Dass LGAs
Lukshi Zaar Das Dำ™kshi 1,130 (LA 1971)
Durrโ€“Baraza Zaar Das Bandas 4,700 (LA 1971); 30โ€“40,000 (Caron 2005) Bauchi State, Das LGA, Durr and Baraza villages
Zumbul Zaar Das Boodlำ™ Zumbulawa, Dumbulawa See Wandi Bauchi State, Das LGA, Zumbul town
Wandi Zaar Das Wangday 700 (including Zumbul) (LA 1971) Bauchi State, Das LGA, Wandi town
Dot Zaar Das Dwat Zoษ—i shรฉrำ™ฬm zoษ—i Dott 2,300 (LA 1971); a single large village. 37,582 (local census 2003). 7 wards (out of 11) speak Zoษ—i South of Bauchi on the Dass road
Geji cluster Zaar Geji Kayauri, Kaiyorawa ฦarawa Bauchi State, Toro LGA
Mำ™gang Zaar Geji Bolu, Buli Mำ™gฬฃ ร ล‹ 1,250 (LA 1971), 'a few hundred' (Caron 2005)
Pyaalu Zaar Geji Pelu, Belu Pyร ร lรน
Geji Zaar Geji Gyaazำ™ Bagba Gezawa, Gaejawa 650 (LA 1971), 1000 (Caron 2005). 20 villages (2007) Toro, Bauchi LGAs, Bauchi State
Buu Zaar Geji Zaranda Bรนรน 750 (LA 1971), 'a few hundred' (Caron 2002)
Guus Zaar Guus ฦarawa Sayanci 50,000 (1971 Schneeberg); 50,000 (1973 SIL) Bauchi State, Tafawa Balewa LGA. West of Tafawa Balewa town.
Guus Zaar Guus mur gรบรบs (one person); Gรนรนs (people) vรฌรฌ kำ™ gรบรบs (mouth of Guus) Sigidi, Sugudi, Sigdi, Segiddi 775 (1950 HDG). 17 villages (Caron 2002)
Polci cluster Zaar Polci ฦarawa, Palsawa 6,150 or more (1971) Bauchi State, Bauchi and Toro LGAs
Zul Zaar Polci Zul is mutually comprehensible with Mbaram Bi Zule Nya Zule pl. Man Zule Mbarmi, Barma Zulawa 2,400 (LA 1971). 15 villages (2007) Bauchi State, Bauchi and Toro LGAs
Mbaram Zaar Polci Barang, Mbaram 250 CAPRO (1995a). One settlement only Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA
Dir Zaar Polci Diir 'a few hundred' (Caron 2005)
Buli Zaar Polci Bำ™lำ™ 600 (LA 1971), 4000 (CAPRO 1995a), 'a few hundred' (Caron 2005)
Langas Zaar Polci Nyamzax Lundur 200 (LA 1971), 'a few hundred' (Caron 2005)
Luri Zaar Polci Lรบr 30 (1973 SIL), 2 (Caron 2002) Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA
Polci Zaar Polci Posำ™, Polshi, Palci, Pำ™lci 2,950 (LA 1971); 70,000 (Caron 2005)
Zaar Zaar Kal, Gambar Leere, Lusa Zaสผr, Zar Vรฌk Zaar, Vigzar Zaar pl. Zร rsษ›ฬ€ Sรกyรกnci Bร sรกyรจ pl. Sรกyรกหwรก, Saya, Seya, Seiyara [Saya terms are now considered derogatory] 50,000 (1971 Schneeberg); 50,000 (1973 SIL) Bauchi State, Tafawa Balewa LGA. West of Tafawa Balewa town.
Zari cluster Zaar Zari ฦarawa Bauchi State, Toro and Tafawa Balewa LGAs; Plateau State, Jos LGA
Zakshi Zaar Zari Zaksำ™ 2,950 (1950 HDG)
Boto Zaar Zari Boot Bibot 1,000 (1950 HDG)
Zari Zaar Zari Kopti, Kwapm
Zeem-Caari-Danshe-Dyarim cluster Zaar Zeem-Caari-Danshe-Dyarim ฦarawa Bauchi State, Toro LGA
Zeem (extinct) Zaar Zeem-Caari-Danshe-Dyarim Extinct (Caron 2005)
Tule (extinct) Zaar Zeem-Caari-Danshe-Dyarim Tulai Extinct (Caron 2005)
Danshe Zaar Zeem-Caari-Danshe-Dyarim Extinct (Caron 2005)
Chaari Zaar Zeem-Caari-Danshe-Dyarim Tulai a 'few hundred' speakers (Caron 2005)
Dyarim Zaar Zeem-Caari-Danshe-Dyarim one person Mำ™n Dyarim, people Dyarim Ndyarim Tำ™ Kaiwari About 2000 ethnic Dyarim with about 100 fluent speakers (Blench 2005 est.) Their main settlement is about 7ย km south of Toro town in Toro LGA (N10หš 02, E 9หš 04).
Lushi? Zaar Zeem-Caari-Danshe-Dyarim Lukshi Dokshi
Jimi Zaar 250 (LA 1971); 400 (1973 SIL) Bauchi State, Darazo LGA
Kirโ€“Balar cluster Boghom Kirโ€“Balar 360 (LA 1971) (Kir only) Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA no data
Kir Boghom Kirโ€“Balar no data
Balar Boghom Kirโ€“Balar Larbawa 50 CAPRO (1995a) no data
Boghom Boghom Burom, Burrum, Burma, Borrom, Boghorom, Bogghom, Bohom, Bokiyim Burumawa 9,500 (1952 W&B), 50,000 (1973 SIL) Plateau State, Kanam LGA
Mangas Boghom Maรกs 180 (LA 1971) Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA no data
Guruntumโ€“Mbaaru Guruntum By settlements Dookร , Gร r, Gayร r, Kร rร kara, Kuukรน, and Mbaarรน Gurutum Gรนrduล‹ 10,000 (1988 Jaggar) Bauchi State, Bauchi and Alkaleri LGAs
Ju Guruntum 150 (LA 1971) Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA
Tala Guruntum Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA, Zungur district
Zangwal Guruntum Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA no data

Phonology

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Consonants

Like the other West Chadic languages, South Bauchi languages have a rich consonant inventory. They also generally have the lateral fricatives /ษฌ, ษฎ/, whereas the West Chadic A languages have not preserved such consonants.[4]

Labial Alveolar Alveolo-palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ษฒ ล‹
Stop p b t d k g ส”
Implosive ษ“ ษ—
Fricative f v s z (สƒ) (ส’) ษฃ (h)
Tap ษพ
Approximant w j
Lateral approximant l
Lateral fricative ษฌ ษฎ
Vowels

Blench (2020) proposes that Proto-South Bauchi had a 6-vowel system consisting of /i, ษจ, u, ษ›, ษ”, a/, with length contrast.[4]

Tones

South Bauchi languages have 2-3 tone levels, with Proto-South Bauchi likely having three tones like the nearby A3 West Chadic languages. Some languages also have contour tones (falling or rising).[4]

Morphology

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Like the neighbouring A3 West Chadic languages but unlike Hausa, South Bauchi languages do not usually have plural nouns, although certain words for persons such as โ€˜womanโ€™, โ€˜childโ€™, and sometimes โ€˜man/personโ€™ have suppletive nominal forms.[4] Blench (2021) hypothesises that this may be due to contact with Adamawa languages.[7]

Stop consonants at the ends of morphemes are underlyingly voiceless.[4]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1978. The Southern Bauchi group of Chadic languages: a survey report. (Africana Marburgensia: Sonderheft, 2.) Marburg/Lahn: Africana Marburgensia. 48pp.
  2. ^ Gowers, W.F. 1907. Forty-two vocabularies of languages spoken in Bauchi Province, N. Nigeria. Ms. 77pp.
  3. ^ Blench, Roger. 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms)
  4. ^ a b c d e f Blench, Roger. 2020. The South Bauchi languages of Central Nigeria: a fresh view based on recent fieldwork. CALL 50. Leiden University, August 31, 2020.
  5. ^ Blench, Roger (2021-01-01). "West Chadic classification 2021". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4thย ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
  7. ^ Blench, Roger. 2021. The erosion of number marking in West Chadic Roger Blench. WOCAL, Leiden.

ย This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 3.0 license.

Bibliography

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  • Caron, Bernard 2002. Review of ฦarawa lexicon: a wordlist of eight South Bauchi (West Chadic) languages: Boghom, Buli, Dott, Geji, Sayanci and Zul by Ronald Cosper, Munich: LINCOM EUROPA, 1999. Chadic Newsletter, 23: 46โ€“80.
  • Cosper, Ronald 1999. Barawa lexicon: a wordlist of eight South Bauchi (West Chadic) languages; Boghom, Buli, Dott, Geji, Jimi, Polci, Sayanci and Zul. (LINCOM Studies in African Linguistics, 39.) Mรผnchen: Lincom.
  • Kraft, Charles H. 1981. Chadic Wordlists: Volume I (Plateau-Sahel). Marburger Studien zur Afrika- und Asienkunde: Serie A: Afrika, 23. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
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