| Magnolia Rentang waktu:
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|---|---|
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| Magnolia ร wieseneri | |
Klasifikasi ilmiah 
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| Kerajaan: | Plantae |
| Klad: | Tracheophyta |
| Klad: | Angiospermae |
| Klad: | Magnoliidae |
| Ordo: | Magnoliales |
| Famili: | Magnoliaceae |
| Genus: | Magnolia L. |
| Spesies | |
|
lihat teks | |
| Sinonim[3] | |
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Magnolia adalah salah satu marga tumbuhan berbunga yang dikenal luas karena bunganya yang indah atau menyebarkan aroma yang harum. Anggotanya cukup besar, dan saat ini tengah mengalami revisi. Petunjuk-petunjuk molekuler memperlihatkan bahwa marga-marga seperti Talauma, Dugandiodendron, Manglietia, Michelia, Elmerrillia, Kmeria, Parakmeria, Pachylarnax, dan beberapa marga spesies tunggal layak dimasukkan ke dalam Magnolia s.l. (s.l. = sensu lato: 'dalam arti luas'; sebagai lawan dari s.s. = sensu stricto: 'dalam arti sempit'). Marga Magnolia s.s. mencakup sekitar 120 jenis saja. Nama marga ini diambil dari botaniwan Prancis, Pierre Magnol.
Marga Magnolia menunjukkan ciri-ciri evolusi primitif. Perhiasan bunganya tidak tersusun dalam lingkaran berlapis, seperti kebanyakan bunga, tetapi tersusun secara spiral. Fosil-fosilnya berumur sampai 20 juta tahun, sehingga diketahui bahwa Magnolia berevolusi lebih awal daripada lebah.[4] Bunganya tidak dirancang untuk diserbuki oleh lebah tetapi kumbang.[5]
Persebaran jenis-jenis Magnolia tidak kontinu. Pusat keanekaragaman utamanya adalah di Asia Tenggara dan Asia Timur. Pusat persebaran sekunder adalah di benua Amerika. Beberapa jenis Magnolia dikenal sebagai tumbuhan penghias kebun dan pelengkap upacara tradisional Nusantara, seperti cempaka dan kantil.
Daftar spesies[6]
suntingSubgenus Magnolia
sunting- Bagian Magnolia
- Magnolia faustinomirandae A.Vรกzquez
- Magnolia grandiflora L.
- Magnolia guatemalensis Donn. Sm.
- Magnolia guerrerensis J.Jimรฉnez Ram., K.Vega & Cruz Durรกn
- Magnolia iltisiana Vazquez
- Magnolia krusei J.Jimรฉnez Ram. & Cruz Durรกn
- Magnolia oaxacensis A.Vรกzquez
- Magnolia pacifica Vazquez
- Magnolia panamensis Vazquez & Iltis
- Magnolia pedrazae A.Vรกzquez
- Magnolia poasana (Pittier) Dandy
- Magnolia poqomchi M.J.Serrano & A.Vรกzquez[7]
- Magnolia schiedeana Schltdl.
- Magnolia sharpii Meranda
- Magnolia sororum Seibert
- Magnolia tamaulipana Vazquez
- Magnolia tarahumara (Vazquez) A.Vรกzquez
- Magnolia vazquezii Cruz Durรกn & K.Vega
- Magnolia virginiana L.
- Magnolia yoroconte Dandy
- Magnolia zamudioi A.Vรกzquez
- Bagian Gwillimia
- Subbagian Gwillimia
- Magnolia albosericea Chun & Tsoong.
- Magnolia bawangensis Law, R.Z.Zhou & D.M.Liu
- Magnolia championii Benth
- Magnolia clemensiorum Dandy
- Magnolia coco (Lour.) DC.
- Magnolia delavayi Franchet
- Magnolia fistulosa (Finet & Gagnep.) Dandy
- Magnolia henryi Dunn
- Magnolia nana Dandy
- Magnolia odoratissima Law et Zhou
- Magnolia pterocarpa Roxb.
- Magnolia xiana Noot.
- Subbagian Blumiana
- Magnolia angatensis Blanco
- Magnolia betongensis (Craib) H.Keng
- Magnolia gigantifolia (Miq.) Noot.
- Magnolia hodgsonii (Hook.f. & Thom.) H.Keng
- Magnolia lasia Noot.
- Magnolia liliifera (L.) Baillon
- Magnolia mariusjacobsia Noot.
- Magnolia persuaveolens Dandy
- Magnolia rabaniana Hook.f. & Thomson D.C.S.Raju & M.P.Nayer
- Magnolia sarawakensis (Agostini) Noot.
- Magnolia singapurensis (Ridl.) H.Keng
- Magnolia villosa (Miq.) H.Keng
- Bagian Talauma
- Subbagian Talauma
- Magnolia allenii Standl.
- Magnolia amazonica (Ducke) Govaerts
- Magnolia arcabucoana (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia bankardiorum M.O.Dillon & Sรกnchez Vega
- Magnolia boliviana (M.Nee) Govaerts
- Magnolia caricifragrans (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia cespedesii (Triana & Planch) Govaerts
- Magnolia chocoensis (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia coronata M.Serna, C.Velรกsquez & Cogollo
- Magnolia dixonii (Little) Govaerts
- Magnolia dodecapetala (Lam.) Govaerts
- Magnolia espinalii (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia georgii (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia gilbertoi (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia gloriensis (Pittier) Govaerts
- Magnolia henaoi (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia hernandezii (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia irwiniana (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia jardinensis M.Serna, C.Velรกsquez & Cogollo
- Magnolia katiorum (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia lacandonica Vazquez-Garcia, Perez-Farrera, Martinez-Camilo, Muniz-Castro & Martinez-Melendez
- Magnolia manguillo Marcelo-Peรฑa & F. Arroyo
- Magnolia mexicana DC.
- Magnolia minor (Urb.) Govaerts
- Magnolia morii (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia narinensis (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia neillii (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia ovata (A.St.-Hil.) Spreng.
- Magnolia polyhypsophylla (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia quetzal Vazquez-Garcia, Veliz-Perez, Triboullier-Navas & Muniz-Castro
- Magnolia rimachii (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia sambuensis (Pittier) Govaerts
- Magnolia santanderiana (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia sellowiana (A.St.-Hil.) Govaerts
- Magnolia silvioi (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia venezuelensis (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia virolinensis (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia wolfii (Lozano) Govaerts
- Subbagian Dugandiodendron
- Magnolia argyrothricha (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia calimaensis (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia calophylla (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia cararensis (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia chimantensis Steyermark & Maguire
- Magnolia colombiana (Little) Govaerts
- Magnolia guatapensis (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia jaenensis Marcelo-Peรฑa
- Magnolia lenticellata (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia magnifolia (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia mahechae (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia ptaritepuiana Steyermark
- Magnolia striatifolia Little
- Magnolia urraoense (Lozano) Govaerts
- Magnolia yarumalense (Lozano) Govaerts
- Subbagian Cubenses
- Magnolia cristalensis Bisse
- Magnolia cubensis Urb.
- Magnolia domingensis Urb.
- Magnolia ekmannii Urb.
- Magnolia emarginata Urb. & Ekman
- Magnolia hamorii Howard
- Magnolia pallescens Urb. & Ekman
- Magnolia portoricensis Bello
- Magnolia splendens Urban
- Bagian Manglietia
- Magnolia aromatica (Dandy) V.S.Kumar
- Magnolia blaoensis (Gagnep.) Dandy
- Magnolia blumei Prantl
- Magnolia calophylloides Figlar & Noot.
- Magnolia caveana (Hook.f. & Thoms.) D.C.Raju & M.P.Nayer
- Magnolia changhuntana Noot.
- Magnolia chevalieri (Dandy) V.S.Kumar
- Magnolia conifera (Dandy) V.S.Kumar
- Magnolia crassipes (Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar
- Magnolia dandyi (Gapnep.) Dandy
- Magnolia decidua (Q.Y.Zheng) V.S.Kumar
- Magnolia duclouxii Finet & Gagnep.
- Magnolia figlarii V.S.Kumar
- Magnolia fordiana (Oliv.) Hu
- Magnolia garrettii (Craib) V.S.Kumar
- Magnolia grandis (Hu & W.C.Cheng) V.S.Kumar
- Magnolia hongheensis (Y.M.Shui & W.H.Chen) V.S.Kumar
- Magnolia hookeri Cubitt & W.W.Sm.
- Magnolia insignis (Wall.) Blume
- Magnolia kwangtungensis Merr.
- Magnolia lanuginosoides Figlar & Noot.
- Magnolia longipedunculata (Q.W.Zeng & Law) V.S.Kumar
- Magnolia lucida (B.L. Chen & S.C. Yang) V.S. Kumar
- Magnolia obovalifolia (C.Y.Yu & Law) V.S.Kumar
- Magnolia ovoidea (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) V.S.Kumar
- Magnolia patungensis (Hu) Noot.
- Magnolia rufibarbata (Dandy) V.S. Kumar
- Magnolia sabahensis (Dandy ex Noot.) Figlar & Noot.
- Magnolia sapaensis (N.H.Xia & Q.N.Vu) Grimshaw & Macer
- Magnolia utilis (Dandy) V.S.Kumar
- Magnolia ventii (N.V.Tiep) V.S.Kumar
- Magnolia xinganensis Noot.
- Magnolia yuyuanensis (Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar
- Magnolia zhengyiana (N.H.Xia) Noot.
- Bagian Kmeria
- Magnolia duperreana Pierre
- Magnolia kwangsiensis Figlar & Noot.
- Magnolia thailandica Noot. & Chalermglin
- Bagian Rhytidospermum
- Subbagian Rhytidospermum
- Magnolia obovata Thunb.
- Magnolia officinalis Rehd. & Wilson
- Magnolia rostrata W.W.Smith
- Magnolia tripetala (L.) L.
- Subbagian Oyama
- Magnolia globosa Hook. f. & Thoms.
- Magnolia sieboldii K. Koch
- Magnolia wilsonii (Finet. & Gagnep.) Rehd.
- Bagian Auriculata
- Magnolia fraseri Walt.
- Bagian Macrophylla
- Magnolia dealbata Zuccarini
- Magnolia macrophylla Michx.
- Magnolia rzedowskiana A.Vรกzquez, Domรญnguez-Yescas & R.Pedraza
- Magnolia nuevoleonensis A.Vรกzquez & Domรญnguez-Yescas
- Magnolia vovidesii A.Vรกzquez, Domรญnguez-Yescas & L.Carvajal
Subgenus Yulania
sunting- Bagian Yulania
- Subbagian Yulania
- Magnolia amoena W.C. Cheng
- Magnolia biondii Pampan
- Magnolia campbellii Hook. f. & Thomson
- Magnolia cylindrica Wilson
- Magnolia dawsoniana Rehd. & Wilson
- Magnolia denudata Desr.
- Magnolia kobus DC.
- Magnolia liliiflora Desr.
- Magnolia ร loebneri Paul Kache
- Magnolia salicifolia (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim.
- Magnolia sargentiana Rehd. & Wilson
- Magnolia ร soulangeana Thiรฉb.-Bern.
- Magnolia sprengeri Pampan
- Magnolia stellata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim.
- Magnolia zenii Cheng
- Subbagian Tulipastrum
- Magnolia acuminata (L.) L.
- Bagian Michelia
- Subbagian Michelia
- Magnolia ร alba (DC.) Figlar & Noot.
- Magnolia angustioblonga (Law & Wu) Figlar
- Magnolia baillonii Pierre
- Magnolia balansae A.DC.
- Magnolia banghamii (Noot.) Figlar & Noot.
- Magnolia braianensis (Gagnep.) Figlar
- Magnolia cavaleriei (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar
- Magnolia champaca (L.) Baillon ex Pierre
- Magnolia chapensis (Dandy) Sima
- Magnolia citrata Noot. & Chalermglin
- Magnolia compressa Maxim.
- Magnolia coriacea (H.T. Chang & B.L. Chen) Figlar
- Magnolia doltsopa (Buch.-Ham. Ex DC.) Figlar
- Magnolia elegantifolia Noot.
- Magnolia ernestii Figlar.
- Magnolia figo (Lour.) DC.
- Magnolia flaviflora (Law & Wu) Figlar
- Magnolia floribunda (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar.
- Magnolia foveolata (Merr. Ex Dandy) Figlar
- Magnolia fujianensis (Q.F.Zheng) Figlar
- Magnolia fulva (H.T. Chang & B.L. Chen) Figlar
- Magnolia gioi (A.Chevalier) Noot.
- Magnolia guangdongensis (Y.H.Yan, Q.W.Zeng & F.W.Xing) Noot.
- Magnolia guangxiensis (Law & R.Z.Zhou) Sima
- Magnolia hypolampra (Dandy) Figlar
- Magnolia iteophylla (C.Y.Wu ex Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) Noot.
- Magnolia kingii (Dandy) Figlar
- Magnolia kisopa (Bush.-Ham. ex DC.) Figlar
- Magnolia koordersiana (Noot.) Figlar
- Magnolia lacei (W.W.Smith) Figlar
- Magnolia laevifolia (Law & Y.F.Wu) Noot.
- Magnolia lanuginosa (Wall.) Figlar & Noot.
- Magnolia leveilleana (Dandy) Figlar
- Magnolia macclurei (Dandy) Figlar
- Magnolia mannii (King) King
- Magnolia martinii H.Lev.
- Magnolia masticata (Dandy) Figlar
- Magnolia maudiae (Dunn) Figlar
- Magnolia mediocris (Dandy) Figlar
- Magnolia microcarpa (B.L.Chen & S.C.Yang) Sima
- Magnolia microtricha (Hand.-Mazz.) Figlar
- Magnolia montana (Blume) Figlar & Noot.
- Magnolia nilagirica (Zenker) Figlar
- Magnolia oblonga (Wall. Ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Figlar.
- Magnolia odora (Chun) Figlar & Noot.
- Magnolia opipara (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Sima
- Magnolia philippinensis P.Pharm
- Magnolia punduana (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Figlar
- Magnolia rajaniana (Craib.) Figlar.
- Magnolia scortechinii (King) Figlar & Noot.
- Magnolia shiluensis (Chun & Y.F.Wu) Figlar
- Magnolia sirindhorniae Noot. & Chalermglin
- Magnolia sphaerantha (C.Y.Wu ex Z.S.Yue) Sima
- Magnolia subulifera (Dandy) Figlar
- Magnolia sumatrae (Dandy) Figlar & Noot.
- Magnolia xanthantha (C.Y.Wu ex Law & Y.F.Wu) Figlar
- Subbagian Elmerrillia
- Magnolia platyphylla (Merr.) Figlar & Noot.[8]
- Magnolia pubescens (Merr.) Figlar & Noot.[9]
- Magnolia sulawesiana Brambach, Noot. & Culmsee[10]
- Magnolia tsiampacca (L.) Figlar & Noot.[11]
- Magnolia vrieseana (Miq.) Baill. ex Pierre[12]
- Subbagian Maingola
- Magnolia annamensis Dandy
- Magnolia carsonii Dandy ex Noot.
- Magnolia cathcartii (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Noot.
- Magnolia griffithii King
- Magnolia gustavii King
- Magnolia macklottii (Korth.) Dandy
- Magnolia pealiana King
- Subbagian Aromadendron
- Magnolia ashtonii Dandy ex. Noot.
- Magnolia bintuluensis (Agostini) Noot.
- Magnolia borneensis Noot.
- Magnolia elegans (Blume) Keng
- Magnolia pahangensis Noot.
Subgenus Gynopodium
sunting- Bagian Gynopodium
- Magnolia kachirachirai (Kanehira & Yamamoto) Dandy
- Magnolia lotungensis Chun & Tsoon
- Magnolia nitida W.W.Smith
- Magnolia omeiensis (Hu & Cheng) Dandy
- Magnolia yunnanensis (Hu) Noot.
- Bagian Manglietiastrum
- Magnolia pleiocarpa (Dandy) Figlar & Noot.
- Magnolia praecalva (Dandy) Figlar & Noot.
- Magnolia sinica (Law) Noot.
Galeri
sunting-
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Magnolia grandiflora -
Magnolia obovata -
Magnolia champaca -
Magnolia ร soulangeana -
Referensi
sunting- ^ Hall, Tracy L. "Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Late Cretaceous Eastern Gulf Coastal Plain in Georgia and Alabama". Columbus State University.
- ^ Robison, C. R. (1982). "New Late Cretaceous leaf locality from lower Kirtland Shale member, Bisti area, San Juan Basin, New Mexico" (PDF). New Mexico Geology. 4 (3): 42โ45. doi:10.58799/NMG-v4n3.42.
- ^ "Magnolia Plum. ex L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Diakses tanggal 2022-03-25.
- ^ Crane, P.R. (1988). "The phylogenetic position and fossil history of the Magnoliaceae". Dalam Hunt, David R. (ed.). Magnolias and their allies: Proceedings of an International Symposium, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, U.K., 12-13 April 1996. Milbourne Port. hlm.ย 21. ISBNย 9780951723487. OCLCย 40781614. Pemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi tanpa penerbit (link)
- ^ Bernhardt, P. (2000). "Convergent evolution and adaptive radiation of beetle-pollinated angiosperms" (PDF). Plant Systematics and Evolution. 222 (1โ4): 293โ320. doi:10.1007/bf00984108. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-12-23.
- ^ Figlar, Richard B. (April 2012). "Magnolia Classification". Magnolia Society International. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 12 March 2022. Diakses tanggal 27 May 2020.
- ^ Serrano, Marcelo Josรฉ; Grajeda-Estrada, Rafael; Villalobos, Andrรฉs; รlvarez-Ruano, Marรญa Renรฉe; Vรกzquez-Garcรญa, J. Antonio (2020-08-04). "Magnolia poqomchi , a new species of subsection Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) from San Cristรณbal Verapaz, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala". Phytotaxa (dalam bahasa Inggris). 454 (4): 231โ243. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.454.4.1. ISSNย 1179-3163.
- ^ "Magnolia platyphylla". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens. Diakses tanggal 7 August 2015.
- ^ "Magnolia pubescens". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens. Diakses tanggal 7 August 2015.
- ^ Brambach, F.; Nooteboom, H.P.; Culmsee, H. (2013). "Magnolia sulawesiana described, and a key to the species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) occurring in Sulawesi". Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants. 58 (3): 271โ276. doi:10.3767/000651913X676817.
- ^ "Magnolia tsiampacca". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens. Diakses tanggal 7 August 2015.
- ^ "Magnolia vrieseana". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens. Diakses tanggal 7 August 2015.
