ๆญคๆข็ฎๅฏ่ฝๅ
ๅซๅๅ็ ็ฉถใ (2015ๅนด10ๆ13ๆฅ) |
่ ่๏ผๅญธๅ๏ผAnanas comosus๏ผๆ้ฆฌ็จฑ้ปๆขจ๏ผๅฐๆนพ็จฑ้ณณๆขจ๏ผ[1][2]ๆฏไธ็จฎๅ็ขๆผๅ็พๆดฒ็็ฑๅธถๆฐดๆ๏ผ็บ็ฆพๆฌ็ฎๅคๆขจ็งๅคๆขจๅฑๆค็ฉ๏ผๅ ๅคๆฑ้ ธ็ๅๅฐๅๆ๏ผๆ่งฃๆไนๆ๏ผๆฏ้ณณๆขจ็งไธญๆๅ ท็ถๆฟๅนๅผ็็จฎ้กใๅ ถ้ฃ็จ้จไฝๅนถ้ๆๅฎ๏ผ่ๆฏ่ฅๅคง็่่ดจ่ฑๅบ่ฝดใๅ็พๆดฒ็จฎๆค้ณณๆขจๅทฒๆ่จฑๅคไธ็ด๏ผๅจ17ไธ็ดๅณๅ ฅๆญๆดฒ๏ผๆผ1820ๅนดไปฃ้ๅงๅจๆบซๅฎค่็ฑๅธถๅฐๅ้ๅงๅๆฅญ็จฎๆคใๅจ20ไธ็ด๏ผๅคๅจๅคทๆฏ้่ฆ็้ณณๆขจ็ขๅฐ๏ผๅฐคไปฅ็พๅ่่จ๏ผ๏ผไฝๅฐไบ2016ๅนด๏ผ ๅฅๆฏ่พพ้ปๅ ใๅทด่ฅฟใ่ฒๅพ่ณๅ่จไฝไบไธ็้ณณๆขจ็ข้ๅฐ่ฟไธๅไนไธใ[3]
ๅคๆขจ
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็งๅญฆๅ็ฑป 
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| ็๏ผ | ๆค็ฉ็ Plantae |
| ๆผๅๆฏ๏ผ | ็ปด็ฎกๆค็ฉ Tracheophyta |
| ๆผๅๆฏ๏ผ | ่ขซๅญๆค็ฉ Angiosperms |
| ๆผๅๆฏ๏ผ | ๅๅญๅถๆค็ฉ Monocots |
| ๆผๅๆฏ๏ผ | ้ธญ่ท่็ฑปๆค็ฉ Commelinids |
| ็ฎ๏ผ | ็ฆพๆฌ็ฎ Poales |
| ็ง๏ผ | ๅคๆขจ็ง Bromeliaceae |
| ๅฑ๏ผ | ๅคๆขจๅฑ Ananas |
| ็ง๏ผ | ๅคๆขจ A. comosus
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| ไบๅๆณ | |
| Ananas comosus | |
| ็ฐๅ | |
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ๅ็จฑ
็ผ่พไธญๆๅ็งฐ
็ผ่พ1639ๅนด็ใไธ่ๅฟๅฟใๅ ๆๅฐไบโ้ปๆขจโ[4]ใ
1709ๅนด๏ผๆธ ๅบท็ๅๅๅ ซๅนด๏ผ๏ผ็ๅฃซ็ฆๅจใๅ็้ค่ฉฑใไธญๆๅฐไบ่บ็ฃ็ฉ็ขไธญๆโ้้ซๆ็ซ ๏ผๆฑๅนน่็๏ผ่่ช้ ๅบ๏ผๆฃฎ่ฅ้ณณๅฐพ๏ผๅ ถ่ฒๆทก้ปโ็้ณณๆขจ[5]ใ
1843ๅนด๏ผ้ญๆบๅจใๆตทๅๅๅฟใไธญ็งฐใๆฏๆ็ตฑ็ดๅณใ้้ข่ฏด็ชๅๆโๆณข่ฟโใโ่ ่ฟๅญโ็ญๆ[6]๏ผๅฆ่ง็้ก็ฅบ็ผใๅฐๆนๅฃถๆ่ๅฐไธ้ใๅ่กฅ็ผ็็ฌฌๅไบๅธไธญใๆฏๆ็ตฑ็ดๅณใ๏ผไฝ่ ้ๅ๏ผ็ผบๅ็ๆๆ๏ผ[7]ใๅพๅ่ช็ธไผผ็็ฑๅธถๆฐดๆ่ ่ฟ่ใ
ๅธ่ฑไบๅนด๏ผ1852ๅนด๏ผ้ณๆทๅ็ธฝ็บ็ใๅถ็ช่ญๅปณๅฟใๅ่ก๏ผ้้ขไป็ปไบๅฐๆนพๅฎๅ ฐๅฐๅบ็ๆไนๅฑฌๆ้ณณๆขจ๏ผๆ็ ง้ข่ฒ็งฐไธบ้ปๆขจใๆ็ งๅคงๅฐ็งฐไธบ็ๆขจ[8]ใๅฎๅ ฐ็้ณณๆขจๆฏไธไธๅฐๅ็ๅ็ง[8]ใ
ๆธ ๆซ1877ๅนดๅงๆๆฃๅจใ็็่ชช็ฅใไธญๆๅฐไบ็็็ฉ็ขไธญๆ้ณณๆขจ[9]ใ
1913ๅนดใๆธ ๅญฃ้ๅฒใไป็ปไบไธ็งๅไธบ้ณณๆขจ๏ผAnanas satous Lindl๏ผ็ๆค็ฉ[10]ใ
1915ๅนด็ใ่พๆบใๆถๆณข่ฟไธ่ฏ๏ผ่ฑๆPine apple๏ผๆณจๆไบฆ็งฐ้ณณๆขจ[11]ใ
ๅจ็ฒค่ฅฟ็ญๅฐ๏ผๆณข็พ ่่ขซ็งฐไธบๅคฉๆณข็พ ๏ผ้ปๆขจ่ขซ็งฐไธบๅฐๆณข็พ [12][13]ใ
| ใ้ณณๆขจใ็ๅๅฐๅธธ็จๅ็จฑ | |
|---|---|
| ไธญๅๅคง้ธ | ่ ่ |
| ๆธฏๆพณ | ่ ่ฟ |
| ๆ้ฆฌ | ้ปๆขจ[14] |
| ่บ็ฃ | ้ณณๆขจ |
ไธญๅๅคง้ธๅคง้จๅๅฐๅ็จฑไน็บ่ ่ฟ๏ผ้ฉ่ช้ฉๆฑ่ชใ้ฉๅ่ชใ่ไป่ช็จฑไน็บๆบๆขจ๏ผๅๅใ้ณณๆขจใ๏ผ่ซง้ณ็บใๆบไพใ๏ผใ้ป่ฟ๏ผๅนณ่ฉฑๅญ๏ผuรฒng-lร i๏ผ[15]๏ผ้ฉ่ช้ฉๅ่ชๆฝฎๅท่ฏไปฅ็ชๆขจ็จฑๅผ๏ผๅฆๅไฟ็จฑ็ช่ ่ฟ่๏ผๅฎขๅฎถ่ชๅ็จฑไน็บ้ปๆขจใ
้ณณๆขจ้ ฅๅจไธญๅๅคง้ธใๆธฏๆพณใๆฐ้ฆฌไพ็ถ็จฑ็บใ้ณณๆขจ้ ฅใ่้ใ่ ่ฟ้ ฅใๅใ้ปๆขจ้ ฅใ๏ผ่ ่ฟๅ ๅจๅฐ็ฃไนไพ็ถ็จฑ็บใ่ ่ฟ้บตๅ ใ๏ผ่ไธๆ็จฑ็บใ้ณณๆขจ้บตๅ ใใ
ๅฆๅค็็ฉๅ้กไธ้ณณๆขจ็งใ้ณณๆขจๅฑฌไธ่ฝ็จฑ็บใ่ ่ฟ็งใใใ่ ่ฟๅฑฌใๆใ้ปๆขจ็งใใใ้ปๆขจๅฑใใ
ๅจๅฐ็ฃ๏ผๅฐๅฐ็ฃๅจๅฐ็็ข็ๅ็จฎ็จฑ็บใ้ณณๆขจใ๏ผ่ๅฐๅ ถไป้ฒๅฃ็่ ่ฟๅใๆฌๅณถไป้ณณๆขจใ๏ผๆบไพ๏ผๆๆ่ขซ็จฑ็บ่ ่ฟ[16]๏ผ้ฃไบๅ็จฎ่ผ็บๅๅง๏ผ่ๅญๅบๅค่ไธ็ต็ผๆทฑ้่ฆไบบๅทฅๅ้คใ่ๆ ผ่ญไบบDavid Wrightๆผ1648ๅนดไพๅฐ่ท่ญๆฑๅฐๅบฆๅ ฌๅธ่ฝไธๅคง่็ๅ๏ผๅฏซไธใ็ฆ็พๆฉๆฒ็ญ่จใ๏ผๅณ่จ่ผๅฐ็ฃๆAnanasses[17]ใๅฐ็ฃๆฅๆฒปๆๆ็บๆๆณๅคๅจๅคท็็ข้ณณๆขจ็ฝ้ ญ๏ผ1902ๅนด๏ผ[18]๏ผๅผ้ฒ้่ฑ็จฎ้ณณๆขจ๏ผๅๆด็จฎ้ณณๆขจ๏ผๅจไธญ้จๅฐๅ็จฎๆค๏ผ้่ฑ็จฎๅ ๆฌ็ช็ฎไป็ตฑ็จฑใๅ้ณณๆขจใ๏ผ่พฒๆฅญ่ฉฆ้ฉๆ้็ผ่บ่พฒ4่้่ฟฆ้ณณๆขจๅพๆน่ฏๅ็จฎ๏ผ็บไธ่ฌๆ็จฑใ้ณณๆขจใใไธญๅๅคง้ธๅ่ฒฉ็้ท็บ่กจๅๅ๏ผไบฆๆฒฟ็จๆญค็ญ่ชชๆณใ[19]
่ฑ่ฏญๅ็งฐ
็ผ่พ่ฑ่ฏญไธญ็ฌฌไธๆฌกๆๅฐ่ ่ๆๅฎๆฏ1568ๅนดๅฎๅพท็ยท็น็ปด็ใๆฐๅ็ฐ็ไธ็ๆๅ็บงๆดฒใ็ๆณ่ฏญ็ฟป่ฏโHoyririโ๏ผไธ็ง็ฑๅฑ ไฝๅจ็ฐไปฃ้็บฆ็ญๅ ๅข้่ฟ็ๅพ็ฎๅๅทดไบบ็งๆคๅ้ฃ็จ็ๆฐดๆ๏ผ็ฐๅจ่ขซ่ฎคไธบๆฏ่ ่ใ[20]ๅๆฅๅจๅไธไธช่ฑๆ็ฟป่ฏไธญ๏ผไปๅฐๅไธ็งๆฐดๆๆ่ฟฐไธบโไปฅpineapple๏ผๅญ้ขๆๆไธ็ๆพๆ๏ผๅ ็บๅพๅฐๆๆญคๆฐดๆๆไปฅ่ฑ่ช็จpine-cone่กจ็คบๆพๆๆ็บไธปๆต[21]๏ผ็ๆนๅผๅถๆ็ Nanaโ๏ผ่ฟ้ไปไฝฟ็จไบไธไธชๅพ็ฎ่ฏญ่ฏโnanasโ๏ผๆๆๆฏโไผ็ง็ๆฐดๆโใ[22]่ฟ็ง็จๆณ่ขซ่ฎธๅคๆฌงๆดฒ่ฏญ่จ้็จ๏ผๅนถๅฏผ่ดไบๆค็ฉ็็งๅญฆไบๅๆณๅฐๆๅฝๅไธบโAnanas comosusโ๏ผๅ ถไธญcomosusๆฏๆไธ่ฏญโ็ฐ็ปโ็ๆๆ๏ผๆฏๆๆค็ฉ็่ใๅก็ผชๅฐยท็ๅๆฏๅจ1613ๅนด็จ่ฑ่ฏญๅไฝ๏ผๅฐๆฐดๆ็งฐไธบโAnanasโ๏ผไฝ็ๆดฅ่ฑ่ฏญ่ฏๅ ธๅจ1714ๅนด็ฑๆผๅพท็ปดๅฐ็ไธไฝ่ฑๅฝไฝๅฎถ้ฆๆฌก่ฎฐๅฝไบโPineappleโ่ฟไธช่ฏๆฌ่บซใ
ๅๅฒ
็ผ่พๅๆฎๆฐๆถๆ
็ผ่พ่ ่็้็็งๆบๅไบงไบๅทด่ฅฟๅ้จๅๅทดๆๅญไน้ด็ๅทดๆ้ฃ-ๅทดๆๅญๆฒณๆตๅใ[23][24]ๅฐฝ็ฎก็ฎๅ่ ่็่ฏฆ็ป้ฉฏๅๅๅฒๅนถไธๆธ ๆฅ๏ผไฝๅ ถๅจๅ็พๆดฒ่ๅดๅ ไฝไธบๅไฝ็ฉ็็งๆคใไผ ๆญๅๅฒ็ธๅฝๆ ไน ใๅจ็ง้ฒๅ็ฐ็่ๅค่ฏๆฎ่กจๆ๏ผๅฝๅฐไบบไฝฟ็จ่ ่็ๅๅฒๅฏ่ฟฝๆบฏ่ณ่ทไป3200่ณ2800ๅนด๏ผๅ ฌๅ ๅ1200ๅนด่ณ800ๅนด๏ผ[25]๏ผ่ๅจๅ็พๆดฒ็ๅขจ่ฅฟๅฅๅบๅ็็ฒชๅ็ณไธญๅๅ็ฐไบ่ทไป2200่ณ1300ๅนด๏ผๅ ฌๅ ๅ200ๅนด่ณๅ ฌๅ 700ๅนด๏ผ็่ ่้ฃ็จ่ฏๆฎ[26]๏ผ่กจๆ่ ่ๅฝๆถๅทฒๅๅไผ ๆญ๏ผๅฝๆถ็็้ ไบบๅ้ฟๅ น็นๅ ไบบไนๅฏ่ฝๅทฒๆ็งๆค่ ่[27]ใ15ไธ็บชๅๆ๏ผ1400ๅนดไปฃๆซ๏ผ๏ผ่ ่ๅทฒ็ปๆไธบ็พๆดฒๅไฝๆฐ็พค่ฝไธญ็ๅธธ่งๅไฝ็ฉ๏ผๅจไปไปฌ็้ฅฎ้ฃไธญๅ ไธป่ฆๅฐไฝใ
ๅฒๆ่ฎฐ่ฝฝไธญ็ฌฌไธไฝๅ็ฐ่ ่็ๆฌงๆดฒไบบๆฏๅ ้ๆฏๆๅผยทๅฅไผฆๅธ๏ผไปไบ1493ๅนด11ๆ4ๆฅๅจ็ๅพท็ฝๆฎๅฒ้ฆๆฌก่งๅฐ่ฟ็งๆฐดๆ[28][29]ใๅฅไผฆๅธๅฐ่ ่ๅธฆๅ่ฅฟ็ญ็๏ผๅนถ็งฐๅ ถไธบโpiรฑa de Indesโ๏ผๆๆๆฏโๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆพๆโใๆๆฉๅ ณไบ่ ่็่ฅฟๆนๅฒๆ่ฎฐ่ฝฝไธบ1516ๅนด็ฎ็นยท้ฉฌ็นยทๅพทๅฎๅๆ็ใๆฐๅคง้ๆฐๅๅนดใไปฅๅๅฎไธๅฐผๅฅฅยท็ฎๅ ่ดนๅก1524-1525ๅนด้ดๆๆฐใ็ฌฌไธๆฌก็ฏ็่ช่กๆฅๅใ๏ผๅทฒ็ฅๆๆฉ็ๆๅพๅๅบ็ฐๅจ่ดก่จๆดยท่ดนๅฐๅๅพทๆฏยทๅพทยทๅฅฅ็ปด่ถๅค1535ๅนด็ใๅฐๅบฆ้ๅฒใไธญใ[30]
ๅผๅ ฅไธๅ็
็ผ่พ.jpg)
ย ่ ่ไฝไธบๆฎๆฐไธปไน็ไบง็ฉ๏ผไปคๆฌงๆดฒไบบไธบไน็่ฟทๅพๅฟใ[31]็ถ่๏ผๆฌงๆดฒ็ๆฐๅไธ่ ่็ๅไบงๅฐๆช็ถไธๅ๏ผๅฏผ่ดๆ ฝๅนๅๅๅฐ้พ๏ผ็ดๅฐ1658ๅนดๅทฆๅณ๏ผ่ทๅ ฐๅญไธๅฝผๅพยทๅพทๆ่็นยท่ๅพท็ฆๅฐ็น๏ผPieter de la Court van der Voort๏ผๆๅจ่ฑ้กฟๅผๅๅบๆธฉๅฎคๅญ่บๆๆฏ๏ผๆๅๅจๆฌงๆดฒๆ ฝๅน่ ่ใ[32]
1719ๅนด๏ผ่ ่็ๆคๆ ชไป่ทๅ ฐไผ ๅ ฅ่ฑๅฝ๏ผ็ฌฌไธๆ ชๅจ่ฑๆ ผๅ ฐๆๅๆ ฝๅน็่ ่ไฝไบ็ฝ้ๆฑ้กๅคๅฐผ็ๅคๅฐผ้ใ1723ๅนด๏ผๅๅฐ่ฅฟ่ฏ่ๅญๅปบ้ ไบไธๅบงๅทจๅคง็โ่ ่็โๆฅไธบ็งๆค็่ ่ๅ ๆธฉใ[33][34]
1730ๅนด๏ผ่ ่ไผ ๅ ฅๆณๅฝใ[35]1733ๅนด๏ผๅจๅกๅฐ่ตๅฎซๆๅ็งๅบ็ไธ้ข่ ่่ขซ็ฎ็ป่ทฏๆๅไบๅฝ็ใ
18ไธ็บช20ๅนดไปฃ๏ผไฟ็ฝๆฏ็ๅฝผๅพๅคงๅธๅฐ่ทๅ ฐๆ ฝๅน่ ่็ๆๆฏๅผๅ ฅๅฃๅฝผๅพๅ กใ1730ๅนด๏ผๅฏ็็ณๅคงๅธๅๅฐไบ1796ๅนดไนๅๅจๅฅน่ชๅทฑ็ๅบๅญ้็งๆค็่ ่ใ[้่ฆ่งฃ้][32]
็ฑไบ็ดๆฅ่ฟๅฃ่ ่็่ดน็จ้ซๆ๏ผๅจๆธฉๅธฆๆฐๅไธ็งๆค่ ่ๆ้็ๆธฉๅฎค่ฎพๅคๅไบบๅทฅๆๆฌไนๆๅ ถๅทจๅคง๏ผ่ ่ๅจๆฌงๆดฒ้ๆธๆไธบ่ดขๅฏ็่ฑกๅพใๆๅ๏ผ่ ่ไธป่ฆ่ขซ็จไฝๅฎดไผไธ็ๅฑ็คบๅ๏ผ่้ไพไบบ้ฃ็จ๏ผ็่ณไผ่ขซๅๅคไฝฟ็จ๏ผ็ดๅฐๅผๅง่ ็ไธบๆญขใ[36]ๅจ18ไธ็บชไธๅๅถ๏ผ่ฑๅฝๅบๅญไธญ่ ่็็งๆคๆไธบๅฏๆ่ดตๆไน้ดๆฟ็็ซไบ็ๅฏน่ฑกใ[36]็ฌฌๅไปฃ้่ซๅฐไผฏ็ต็บฆ็ฟฐยท้ป้ๅจไป็ๅบๅญไธญๅปบ้ ไบไธๅบงๆธฉๅฎค๏ผๅ ถ้กถ้จๆฏไธไธช้ซ่พพ14็ฑณใไปฅ่ ่ไธบ้ ๅ็ๅทจๅคง็ณ่ดจๅ้กถ๏ผ่ฟๅบงๅปบ็ญ่ขซ็งฐไธบโ้่ซๅฐ่ ่โใ[37]ๅจๅปบ็ญ่ฎพ่ฎกไธญ๏ผ่ ่้ ๅ้ๆธๆไธบ่ฑกๅพๅฅฝๅฎข็่ฃ ้ฅฐๅ ็ด ใ[38][39][40]
19ไธ็บชไปฅๆฅ๏ผๅคง่งๆจกๅไธๅ
็ผ่พๆฌงๆดฒๅจๅผๅงๆธฉๅฎคๆ ฝๅน่ ่ๆถๅฐ่ฏไบ่ฎธๅคไธๅๅ็ง๏ผไธป่ฆ้ฝๆฅ่ชๅ ๅๆฏๅฐๅบ็ๅฎ็ๅๆฏ็พคๅฒใๅ ถไธญๆ้่ฆ็ไธไธชๅ็งๆฏโๅ ๆปๅกๅฎดโ๏ผโSmooth Cayenneโ๏ผ๏ผไบ1820ๅนด้ฆๆฌก่ขซๅผๅ ฅๆณๅฝ๏ผ้ๅไบ1835ๅนด่ขซๅบๅฃๅฐ่ฑๅฝ๏ผ็ถๅๅไป่ฑๅฝ้่ฟๅคๅจๅคทไผ ๅ ฅๆพณๅคงๅฉไบๅ้ๆดฒใโๅ ๆปๅกๅฎดโๅๅ ถไบ้ๅๆ ๆงๅ็ณปๅฆไปๅ ๆฎไบๅ จ็ๅคง้จๅ็่ ่ไบง้ใ
ไปฅ่ ่ไธบๅๆ็ๆ้ ฑๅ็็นๅพๆฉๅฐฑไป่ฅฟๅฐๅบฆ็พคๅฒใๅทด่ฅฟๅๅขจ่ฅฟๅฅ่ขซ่ฟๅฃๅฐๆฌงๆดฒใๅฐ19ไธ็บชๅ๏ผๆฐ้ฒ็่ ่ๅทฒ่ฝไป่ฅฟๅฐๅบฆ็พคๅฒ็ดๆฅ่ฟๅพๆฌงๆดฒ๏ผๅนถไปฅๅบๅคง็่ดง่ฟ้ๅไฝไบๆฌงๆดฒๅธๅบ็ไปทๆ ผใๅๆฅๆฌง็พ็่ ่่ฟๅฃไพๅบไธป่ฆๅๅฐฝๅฏ่ฝ็ญ็่ดธๆ่ทฏ็บฟ๏ผๆฌงๆดฒ็่ ่ไธป่ฆๆฅ่ชๅๅคง่ฅฟๆดใ่ก่็็ฆปๅฒธ็ไบ้ๅฐ็พคๅฒ๏ผ่ๅ็พ็่ ่ๅไธป่ฆๆฅ่ชๅ ๅๆฏๅฐๅบๅ็พๅฝ็ไฝ็ฝ้่พพๅทใ[29]
18ไธ็บช๏ผ่ฅฟ็ญ็ไบบไพฟๅฐ่ ่ๅผๅ ฅๅคๅจๅคท[41]๏ผๅฝๅฐๅไฝๆฐๅฐๅ ถ็งฐไธบโhala kahikiโ๏ผๅคๅจๅคท่ฏญ๏ผ๏ผๆไธบโๅคๅฝ็ๆๆโ๏ผๅ ๅ ถๅฝขไผผๅคๅจๅคทๆฌๅๆค็ฉ้ฒๅ ๆ ็ๆๅฎ๏ผๆๆ๏ผ่ๅพๅใ[42][43]๏ผไฝๅคๅจๅคท็้ฆๅบงๅไธ่ ่็งๆคๅญ็ดๅฐ1886ๅนดๆๅปบ็ซใๆญคไบงไธๆ่ๅ็ๆ่ต่ ๆฏ่ฉนๅงๆฏยทๅคๅฐ๏ผJames Dole๏ผ๏ผไปไบ1899ๅนด็งปๅฑ ๅคๅจๅคท[44]๏ผๆฌกๅนด๏ผ1900๏ผไพฟๅผ่ฎพไบ60ๅ ฌ้กท็่ ่็งๆคๅญ๏ผ้ๅ๏ผ1901๏ผๅๅฐๅญๅบๆฉๅฑ่ณ็ฆ่กๅฒ๏ผๅๆฅๅๅฑๆไธบ้ฝๆจ้ฃๅๅ ฌๅธใ[45]1909ๅนด๏ผๆฏไผๅฒ่ ่ๅ ฌๅธๅผๅงๅจๆฏไผๅฒ็งๆค่ ่ใ1911ๅนด๏ผ้ฝไนๅ ฌๅธๅ ถๅๅทฅไบจๅฉยทๅ็บณๅก๏ผHenry Ginaca๏ผๅๆไบ็ป่ ่่ชๅจๅ็ฎๅป่ฏ็ๆบๅจ[29]๏ผไฝฟๅ ฌๅธๅพไปฅๅผๅงๅไธๅ ๅทฅ่ ่๏ผๅถไฝ็ฝๅคดไบงๅใ[46]1917ๅนด๏ผๅพทๅฐ่้ฃๅๅ ฌๅธไนๅผๅงๅจ็ฆ่กๅฒไธ็งๆค่ ่ใ
ย ็ฑไบ็ซไบๅๅๅท่ๆตท่ฟ็่ฝฌๅ๏ผๅคๅจๅคท็ไบง้ไป1970ๅนดไปฃๅผๅงไธ้ใ้ฝๆจไบ1991ๅนดๅๆญขไบๅ ถๅจๆช้ฆๅฑฑ็็ฝๅคดๅไธๅก๏ผ2008ๅนด๏ผๅพทๅฐ่็ปๆญขไบๅ ถๅจๅคๅจๅคท็่ ่็งๆคไธๅกใ[47]2009 ๅนด๏ผๆฏไผๅฒ่ ่ๅ ฌๅธๅๅฐไบไธๅก๏ผๅชๅจๆฏไผๅฒๆฌๅฐไพๅบ่ ่๏ผ[48]ๅฐ2013ๅนด๏ผ็ฆ่กๅฒ็้ฝๆจ็งๆคๅญ็งๆค็่ ่ไบง้็บฆๅ ไธ็ไบง้็0.1%ใ[47]ๅฐฝ็ฎกๆ่ฟ็งไธ้๏ผ่ ่ไป่ขซๆๆถ็จไฝๅคๅจๅคท็่ฑกๅพใ[49][50]ๅฆๅค๏ผๅ ไธบ่ฟไธชๅๅ ๏ผๅซๆ่ ่็้ฃ็ฉๆๆถไน่ขซ็งฐไธบโๅคๅจๅคทโใ
ๅจ่ฒๅพๅฎพ๏ผโๅ ๆปๅกๅฎดโไบ1900ๅนดไปฃๅ็ฑ็พๅฝๆฎๆฐๆถๆ็็พๅฝๅไธ้จๆจๅบใ้ฝๆจๅๅพทๅฐ่ไบ1920ๅนดไปฃๅจๆฃๅ ฐ่ๅฒ็ๅฅๆๅทดๆ็ๅๅธๅบๅ็ๅปบ็ซ็งๆคๅญใ[51][52]ไป1920ๅนดๅผๅง๏ผๅ ๆฌ่ฒๅพๅฎพๅจๅ ็ไธๅไบๅฐๅบๅผๅงๅคง่งๆจก็ฝ่ฃ ็ฝๅคดใ่ฟ็ง่ดธๆๅๅฐ็ฌฌไบๆฌกไธ็ๅคงๆ็ไธฅ้็ ดๅ๏ผๅคๅจๅคทไธ็ดไธปๅฏผ็ๅฝ้ ่ดธๆ๏ผ็ดๅฐ1960ๅนดไปฃใ
่ฒๅพๅฎพไป็ถๆฏไธ็ไธๆๅคง็่ ่ๅบๅฃๅฝไนไธใๅจ่ฒๅพๅฎพๅ ฌๅธๅพทๅฐ่ๅคชๅนณๆดๆ้ๅ ฌๅธไบ2014ๅนดๅฎๆๅฏนๅพทๅฐ่้ฃๅๅ ฌๅธ็ๆถ่ดญๅ๏ผๅพทๅฐ่็งๆคๅญ็ฐๅจ็ฑๅฝๅฐ็ฎก็ใ[53]
ๅฝขๆ
็ผ่พ
ย ๅคๅนด็ๅธธ็ปฟ่ๆฌ๏ผ่็ญ๏ผๅบ้จ็ๅธ่ฝใๆคๆ ชๅ ทๆ่ฎๅบง่ฌ็ๅค่ง๏ผๅ็่็ๅๅ้ฉ่ณช๏ผ็ทๅฏๆๅ๏ผๆ็ๅ จ็ทฃ๏ผๆ็ๅ ทๆ็ฒ้ธ้ฝ๏ผๅ จๆ ช้ซ็ด60~100ๅ ฌๅๅทฆๅณ๏ผไบฆๆ้ซ่ณ150ๅ ฌๅ่ ใ่ฑๆต้ ็๏ผ็ธฝ็่ฑๅบ่็ๆๆพๆจน็ๆฏฌๆ็๏ผ็่ตทไพๅฐฑๅๆฏไธ็ฒๅฐ้ณณๆขจใๅฐ่ฑ็ดซ่ฒ๏ผไพๅบ็ถปๆพ๏ผๆฏไธ่ฑๅบ็ดๆ็พ้คๆตๅฐ่ฑใๆๅฏฆ็บ่คๆไธญ็ๅค่ฑๆ๏ผๅ็ญ็ๅ้ๅฝข๏ผ้ๆฒๆ็ๅๅๆฟ็ถ ่ฒ๏ผๆ็ๅพๆ่ฝๆ้ป่ฒๆ็ด ่ฒ๏ผๆๅฏฆไธ็ๆฏไธๆ็ฎๅณ็บไธๅฐๆใๆ่ๅค็บ้ป่ฒๆ้้ป่ฒ๏ผไฝไนๆ้จไปฝ็จฎ้ก็บไนณ็ฝ่ฒ๏ผ้ๅธธๅ ทๆๆฟ้็้ฆๆฐฃใๆๅฏฆ้ ็ซฏ้ทๆๅ ่ฝ๏ผๆ้ทๅบๅข็็ทๅฏ็ๅฐ่็๏ผๆ็บ้ณณๆขจๆๅฏฆ็จๅ ท็็นๅพต๏ผ้ทๅบ็ฌฌไธๅๆๅฏฆๅพ๏ผๆๅพไธป่็่่ปธ้ทๅบๅธ่ฝ๏ผๅฏ่ฝๆ็บไบ่ฎๆๅฏฆๅขๅคง่ๆ้ค๏ผๆๆฏไฟ็ไปฅ็ๆฐๆใ
ๆคๆ ช็้ท็็ฌฌไธๅนด่ๆ่ฎ้ท่ๅข็ฒ๏ผ่จฑๅคๅ็่็ๅ่บๆ็ถ็ทๅฏ็ฐ็นๆๅๆผไธป่๏ผ่พน็ผๆๆ ๅบๆไธบๅบๅซๅ็ง็้่ฆ็นๅพใๅฐไบ็ฌฌ12-20ๅๆๆ๏ผ็ฑ่้ทๅบ้ท15ๅ ฌๅๅทฆๅณ็่ฑๅบ๏ผ่ฑๅบ้กถ็๏ผๆคญๅๅฝขไผผๆพ็๏ผ็ดซ็บข่ฒ่ฑๆ ๆใๆๅฏฆ็บๅ็ญ็ๅ้ๅฝข็่คๆใๆ่ๆฏ้ป่ฒๆ็ฝ่ฒ๏ผไธญ้ดๅ ็ๆๅพๅค็บค็ปด็่ฏใ้็้ณณๆขจ้ ่้ธไผ ็ฒ[54]๏ผไนๆ้ ่่ ๅณ็ฒ็ใ[55]ไฝๅ ๆ็ฒๅพ้ณณๆขจๆ็ตๅญ๏ผๅฝฑ้ฟๆๅฏฆๅ่ณช๏ผไปฅๅๅจๅคๅจๅคทๆพๆ็ฆๆญข่้ณฅๅ ฅๅข็็ฆไปคใ[56]
่ฑ็ๅญๆฟ้ทๆๆผฟๆ๏ผ่ๅๆๅคง็่คๆ๏ผ้ๅธธๆๅๆๅ ฉๅไบ็ธไบค้ฏ็่บๆ๏ผๅธธ่ฆๅ ถไธๆนๅๆ8ๅ๏ผๅฆไธๆนๅๆ13ๅ๏ผๅ ฉ่ ้ฝๆฏ่ฒปไผฏ็ดๅฅๆธ[57]
้ณณๆขจ็ๅ ๅไฝ็จ็บๆฏๅคฉ้ ธไปฃ่ฌ๏ผ[58]ๅจๅค้้ฒ่กไบๆฐงๅ็ขณ็ๅบๅฎ๏ผๅฒๅญๆ่ๆ้ ธ๏ผๅจ็ฝๅคฉ้ๆพไนไปฅ่กๅ ๅไฝ็จใ
้ณณๆขจๅจๆค็ฉๅญธไธๅๆไบ็จฎ๏ผ[59]
- Ananas comosus var. ananassoides
- Ananas comosus var. bracteatus
- Ananas comosus var. comosus
- Ananas comosus var. erectifolius
- Ananas comosus var. parguazensis
-
ๅทด่ฅฟAbacaxiๅ็จฎ
-
Tropical Goldๅ็จฎ๏ผๅฏไปฅ็ๅฐๅฎ่ๅฐ็ฃ็ๅคง้จๅ้ณณๆขจๅ็จฎไธๆจฃ่็็กๅบ
-
Victoriaๅ็จฎ
_2014-07-14_20-40.jpg)
ๅผ็งๆฅๆบ
็ผ่พๅฐ็ฃๆผๅบท็ๆซๅนด็ฑไธญๅๅคง้ธๅๆนๅผ้ฒ็จฎๆค้ณณๆขจ[60]๏ผไธฆ็ถ็ฑๅคๅนด่พฒ็ขๆ่ก็็ ็ผๅพ๏ผ่ฒๆ้้ฝ้ณณๆขจใ็ๅฅถ้ณณๆขจใ้่ฟฆ้ณณๆขจ็ญ็ญๅค็จฎ้ซ็ๅบฆ็ๅฐ็ฃ็น่ฒๅ็จฎใ้่ฑ็จฎใ้้ฝ้ณณๆขจ็บๅ จๅนด็ๆ๏ผไฝไปฅ2~3ๆๅ6~9ๆๆ็บ็็ข๏ผ้่ฟฆ้ณณๆขจ3~5ๆ๏ผ่ๆ้ณณๆขจ4~9ๆ๏ผ5ๆ็็ข๏ผ๏ผ้ๆก่ฑ้ณณๆขจ4~7ๆ๏ผ่ๅฏถ้ณณๆขจใ้ป้้ณณๆขจ4~11ๆ๏ผ้ฆๆฐด้ณณๆขจ5~6ๆ๏ผ็่่้ณณๆขจ6~8ๆ๏ผ7ๆ็็ข๏ผ๏ผ็ๅฅถ้ณณๆขจ6~9ๆ(7ๆ็็ข)๏ผๅฌ่้ณณๆขจ7~3ๆใ็ฑๆผ้ณณๆขจๆฏ็ฑๅธถๆค็ฉ๏ผ็นๅฅๅๆๆบซๆ็ๆฐฃๅใๅฐ็ฃๅฐ็ไฝ็ฝฎๆฅตไฝณๆฐฃๅ่ฏๅฅฝ๏ผ่ๅ่ณชไนไปฅๆฅๅคๅญฃ็ฏ็็ข็ๆ็บๅช็ฐ๏ผไธๅ ็ๅบฆ้ซ๏ผ้ขจๅณไน็นๅฅๆฟ้ใ
็้ค
็ผ่พ| ๆฏ100ย g๏ผ3.5ย oz๏ผ้ฃ็ฉ็้คๅผ | |
|---|---|
202ย kJ๏ผ48ย kcal๏ผ | |
12.63 g | |
| ็ณ | 9.26 g |
| ่ณ้ฃ็บ็ถญ | 1.4 g |
0.12 g | |
0.54 g | |
| ็ปด็็ด | |
| ็กซ่บ๏ผ็ถญ็็ด B1๏ผ | (7%) 0.079 mg |
| ๆ ธ้ป็ด ๏ผ็ถญ็็ด B2๏ผ | (3%) 0.031 mg |
| ่ธ้นผ้ ธ๏ผ็ถญ็็ด B3๏ผ | (3%) 0.489 mg |
(4%) 0.205 mg | |
| ๅกๅ้๏ผ็ถญ็็ด B6๏ผ | (8%) 0.110 mg |
| ่้ ธ๏ผ็ถญ็็ด B9๏ผ | (4%) 15 ฮผg |
| ็ปด็็ด C | (44%) 36.2 mg |
| ่ณ้ฃ็คฆ็ฉ่ณช | |
| ้ฃ | (1%) 13 mg |
| ้ต | (2%) 0.28 mg |
| ้ | (3%) 12 mg |
| ้ณ | (43%) 0.9 mg |
| ็ฃท | (1%) 8 mg |
| ้ | (2%) 115 mg |
| ้ | (1%) 0.10 mg |
| |
| ๅ็
ง็พๅๆจๆบ็็ธๅฐ็พๅๆฏ ๆไบบๆฏๆฅ็ๅ่่ณ้ฃๆๅ ฅ้๏ผDRI๏ผ ไพๆบ๏ผ๏ผ่ฑๆ๏ผ็พๅ่พฒๆฅญ้จ็้คๆฐๆฎๅบ | |
็่ ่ๆ่ๅซๆ86%็ๆฐดใ13%็็ขณๆฐดๅๅ็ฉใ0.5%็่็ฝ่ดจ๏ผ่่ชๅซ้ๅฏๅฟฝ็ฅไธ่ฎก๏ผ่ง่กจ๏ผใๅจ100ๅ ๅ่้ไธญ๏ผ็่ ่ๅฏๆไพ209ๅ็ฆ่ณ๏ผ50ๅๅก๏ผ็้ฃ็ฉ็ฑ้๏ผๅฏๅซ้ฐ๏ผ44% ๆฏๆฅๆๅ ฅ้๏ผๅ็ปด็็ด C๏ผ58% ๆฏๆฅๆๅ ฅ้๏ผ๏ผ้คๆญคไนๅค่ฟๅ ๅซๆ่ณ้ฃ็บ็ถญใๆๆฉ้ ธใ็ถญ็็ด B1ใ้ก่ก่ฟ่็ด ใ่ ่่็ฝ้ ถ๏ผ้ๅๅค็จฎ็คฆ็ฉ่ณช็ญใ็ถไธญ็ถญ็็ด C็ๅซ้ๆฏ่ๆ็5ๅใ
ๅ ไธบ้ณณๆขจๅซๆ้ณณๆขจ่็ฝ้ ถ๏ผ่ฝๅ่งฃ่็ฝ่ณช๏ผไฝๅจๆถๅ้ไธญไผๅคฑๅปๆดปๆง๏ผๆ ๆณ็ปง็ปญๅๆฅๅ่งฃ่็ฝ่ดจ็ไฝ็จใ่ฟ็ง่็ฝ้ ถๅจๅฃ่ ไธญไผๅฐ้ๅ่งฃ็ปๆ่่กจ้ข็ป่็่็ฝ่ดจ๏ผๅ ๆญคๅๆช็ป็ญๆฐดใๆชๆณก็ๆฐด็่ ่ๅ่ๅคดไผๆๅบ็ๆใ้ณณๆขจๅฏๆธ็ทฉ้็ฏ่่่็ผ็็ญ็ผ็ใๅ ทๆ็บ็ถญๅฏไฟ้ฒๆถๅใๆฐ้ณไปฃ่ฌใๆนๅๅผๅธ้็ญๅ่ฝใ[61]
็จ้
็ผ่พ้ฃ็จ
็ผ่พ่ ่ๆๅฎ่กจ้ข็ฒ็ณ๏ผไธ้จๅๅ็งๅซๆ่พๅคๅฎนๆๅผ่ตทๅฃ่ ไธ้็้ณณๆขจ่็ฝ้ ถ๏ผๅ ๆญคๅธธ้ๅ ๅ็ฎๅปโ้โ๏ผๅๅ็ๅพๆณก็ฑๆฐดๆๆทก็ๆฐด๏ผๅๅฐ้ณณๆขจ่็ฝ้ ถ๏ผๆนๅฏ้ฃ็จ๏ผๆพๅฐ็ฎฑๅฐๅ้ฃ็จๆถๆๆๆๆดไฝณใ่้จๅฎนๆๆถๅไธ่ฏ่ ๆ้ฟๅ ็ฉบ่ น้ฃ็จใๅจๆฝฎๆฑๆฒฟๆตทไธๅธฆไนๆ็จ้ ฑๆฒนไปฃๆฟ็ๆฐดๆฒพๅ้ฃ็จ็ๆนๆณใๅจ่ฎธๅคๅฝๅฎถ๏ผๅค็่ฟ็ๆฐ้ฒ่ ่ๅธธไฝไธบ่ก่พนๅฐๅ๏ผไปฅๆด้ขๆๅๅๆ็ซน็ญพ็ๅฝขๅผๅบๅฎใ
่ ่็ๆ่ๅๆๆฑ่ขซๅนฟๆณ็จไบไธ็ๅๅฐ็็พ้ฃไธญ๏ผๅฐคๅ ถๆฏๅๅผ็็นใๅท้ฅฎใ่้ฅฏใ็ณๆใๆ้ ฑใๅฐๆนพ็ๅคๆขจ้ ฅไพฟๆฏ่ ่ๅถๆ็ไปฃ่กจๆง็ณ็นไนไธ๏ผ่ฟๆไปฅๅคๆขจ้ ฑๅถๆ็ๅๅผๆๆ้ฅฎๆใ่ ่ๆฑไน่ขซ็จไบๅค็ง้ฅฎๆไธญ๏ผๆๅ ทไปฃ่กจๆง็ๅ ๆฌๅ ๅๆฏๅฐๅบ่ตทๆบ็ๅคๆขจๅฏไน่พพ้ธกๅฐพ้ ๅๅขจ่ฅฟๅฅ็ๅ้ ต้ฅฎๆๆๅธๅใๅจ็พๅฝ๏ผๅป่ฏๅ็ๆด็่ ่ไธญ้ดๆพไธไธ้ข็ณๆธๆจฑๆกๆฏ็ค็ซ่ ฟไธๅธธ่ง็่ฃ ้ฅฐ็ฉ๏ผๅคๅจๅคทๅๅธไน่ฟ็จไบๆญค็ปๅใๅ็็่ ่่ฟๆฏๅคๅจๅคทๆซ่จ็ๆ ธๅฟ้ ๆ๏ผไนๅฏไปฅ็คๅถๅๆพๅจๆผขๅ กไธใ
่ ่ไธญ็่ ่่็ฝ้ ถไฝฟๅ ถๅฏ่ฎฉ่็ฑปๅๅพ่ฝฏๅซฉ๏ผไฝฟ็จ่ ่็น็ ฎ็ๅๅฐ่็ฑป่่ดๅ ๆฌ่ ่ๅๅพ่ใAl pastor๏ผๅขจ่ฅฟๅฅ่ ่็ค็ช่๏ผใ้ ธๅๅฉใHamonado๏ผ่ฒๅพๅฎพไปฅไปปไฝๅฝขๅผไธ่ ่ๅ็น็่ๆ็๏ผๅ่ฒๅผๅคๆขจ้ธก็ญใ
ๆฌง็ๅฝๅฎถๅจ2012่ณ2016ๅนด้ดๆถ่ไบๅ จ็่ ่ๆฑๆป้็50%ใ่ทๅ ฐๆฏๆฌงๆดฒๆๅคง็่ ่ๆฑ่ฟๅฃๅฝใๆณฐๅฝใๅฅๆฏ่พพ้ปๅ ๅ่ทๅ ฐๆฏ2012ๅนดๅฐ2016ๅนดๆฌง็ๅธๅบ็ไธป่ฆไพๅบๅใ[62]2017ๅนด่ ่ๆฑๆถ่ดน้ๆๅค็ๅฝๅฎถๆฏๆณฐๅฝใๅฐๅบฆๅฐผ่ฅฟไบๅ่ฒๅพๅฎพ๏ผๆปๆถ่ดน้ๅ ไธ็ๆป้็47%ใไป2007ๅนดๅฐ2017ๅนด๏ผ่ ่ๆฑๆถ่ดน้ๅข้ฟๆๅคง็ๆฏๅฎๅฅๆใไปฅไบบๅฃๆฏไพ็ธๆฏ๏ผไธญๅฝๅๅฐๅบฆ็่ ่ๆฑๆถ่ดน้่พไฝใ[63]
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่ ่่ฃ ้ฅฐ็็ค็ซ่ ฟ
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ๅ ๅ ฅ่ ่็ๅคๅจๅคทๆซ่จ
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ๅคน่ ่ๅ็็ๆฑๅ ก
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่ฒๅพๅฎพๅผๅคๆขจ็้ธก๏ผPininyahang manok๏ผ
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่ ่ๅๅ่
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ๅคๆขจๅฏไน่พพ้ธกๅฐพ้ ๏ผๅๅโๆคฐๆ้ฃ้ฆโ
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่ฅ็จ
็ผ่พ.jpg)
ย ๆฎใๆฌ่็บฒ็ฎใ่ฎฐ่ฝฝ๏ผ่ ่ฟๆงๅนณใๅณ็้ ธ๏ผๅ ฅ่พใ่็ถใๅฏ็ๅ่งฃๆๅฉๆถๅๆไนพ็ฅใๆ็บ้ฌ้ฃ็จ๏ผๆๆธ ็ฑ่งฃๆใ็ๆดฅๆญขๆธดใๅฉๅฐไพฟ็ๅๆใๅฏ็จๆผไผคๆใ่บซ็ฑ็ ฉๆธดใ่ นไธญ็ๆถใๆถๅไธ่ฏใๅฐไพฟไธๅฉใ้ ญๆ็ผ่ฑ็ญ็ใไธๅฎๅๅฅถ่ใ่ฟ่ๅ ฑ้ฃใ้จไปฝๆ้ๆ็พ่ฑก็ฆ้ฃใ
ๅค็ฎๆถๆๅ็จๅธๅ ๅฅฝ๏ผๅฏไปฅ็จๆฅๅ่ฏๅธๆฒป็ๅคไผคใ
1891ๅนด็จๆฐ้ฎฎ้ณณๆขจๆ็ ๅบไพ็่ ่้ ถ๏ผbromelain๏ผ๏ผๅทฒ็ถ่ขซ็จไพๆฒป็ๅฃ่ก็ใ
ๅฆๆไบบ่ฎคไธบ้ฃ็จ้ณณๆขจๅฏๅๅฐๅณๅฝๅๆ้ซๆถๅ่ฝๅ[64]ใ
็บ็ถญ่็ฐไฟๆ็จ
็ผ่พ่ฟๅนดไพ๏ผ้ณณๆขจ่ไธญ็็บ็ถญ๏ผPineapple Leaf Fiber๏ผ็ฐก็จฑ PALF๏ผๅ ๅ ถๅผท้ใ่ผ็ไธๅฏๅ็็็นๆง๏ผ่ขซๅปฃๆณๆ็จๆผๆฐธ็บๆๅฐ็ขๆฅญใๆญค้ก็บ็ถญๆฏไปฅ้ณณๆขจๆถๅฒๅพๅๆฌ่ขซๅปขๆฃ็่็็บๅๆ๏ผ็ถ้ๆฉๆขฐๆ็็ฉๆ่ก่็๏ผ่ๅ็บ็ถญ่ฃฝๆ็ด็ท่ๅธๆ๏ผ้ฒ่็จๆผๆ้ฃพใๅ ่ข่ๅฎคๅ ง่ฃ้ฃพๅ็ญ็ขๅไธญใ็ฑๆผๅ ถๆค็ฉๆงไพๆบ่ๅฏ็็ฉๅ่งฃ็นๆง๏ผ้ณณๆขจ่็บ็ถญ่ขซ่ฆ็บๅ็ฉ็ฎ้ฉ่ๅๆ็บ็ถญ็็ฐไฟๆฟไปฃๆนๆกใ[65]
ๅจ่บ็ฃ๏ผไนๆ่พฒไผๆฅญ่็คพๆๅตๆฐๅ้ๆๅ ฅ้ณณๆขจ่่ณๆบๅๅฉ็จ็็ ็ผ่ๅฏฆ่ธ๏ผ็ตๅๅจๅฐ่พฒๆฅญ่็ถ ่ฒ่จญ่จ๏ผๆจๅใไปฅ่ไปฃ็ฎใ็็ๅฟต๏ผๆธๅฐ่พฒๆฅญๅปขๆฃ็ฉ๏ผไธฆๅต้ ่พฒๆ้ๅ ๅนๅผใ[66] ็ธ้็ขๅๅทฒ้ๆผธ้ฒๅ ฅๅๆฅญๅธๅ ด๏ผไธฆ็ฒๅพๆฐธ็บ่จญ่จ่็ถ ่ฒๆๅฐ้ ๅ็้ๆณจใ[67]
ๅ ถไป
็ผ่พ่ ่็ๅถ็๏ผๅๆฏ็จๆฅๅถไฝๅฎฃ็บธ็ๆๆใ
ๆ ฝๅน
็ผ่พๅจๅไธๅๅไธไธญ๏ผๅฏไปฅไบบๅทฅ่ฏฑๅฏผๅผ่ฑ๏ผๆฉๆๆถ่ทไธป่ฆๆๅฎๅฏไปฅไฟ่ฟ็ฌฌไบๅญฃ่พๅฐๆๅฎ็ๅ่ฒใไธๆฆๅจๆธ ๆด่ฟ็จไธญ่ขซ็งป้ค๏ผ่ ่็้กถ้จๅฐฑๅฏไปฅ็งๆคๅจๅๅฃคไธญ๏ผๅนถไธไผ้ฟๅบๆฐ็ๆค็ฉใๆชๆ น่ๅไพงๆๅธธ่ขซๅไธ็งๆค็ใ[68]
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ย 
ย ไผฆ็ๅ็ฏๅข้ฎ้ข
็ผ่พๅๅคงๅคๆฐ้็บฆๅ่็งไธๆ ท๏ผ่ ่็งๆคๅญๆฏ้ซๅบฆๅทฅไธๅ็็ป่ฅใ็นๅซๆฏๅจๅฅๆฏ่พพ้ปๅ ๏ผ่ ่ไบงไธไฝฟ็จๅคง้ๆ่ซๅๆฅไฟๆคไฝ็ฉ๏ผ่ฟ็ป่ฎธๅคๅทฅไบบๅธฆๆฅไบๅฅๅบท้ฎ้ขใ่ฟไบๅทฅไบบ้ๅธธๅพไธๅฐไปไน่กฅๅฟ๏ผ่ไธๅคงๅคๆฏ่ดซ็ฉท็็งปๆฐ๏ผ้ๅธธๆฏๅฐผๅ ๆ็ไบบใๆฏๆฌกๆตทๅคไปทๆ ผไธ้ๆถ๏ผๅทฅไบบ็ๅทฅ่ตไนไผไธ้ใ2016ๅนด๏ผๆฟๅบๅฎฃๅธๅฐๅจๅ ถไปๅ็งๅขไฝ็ๅธฎๅฉไธๅชๅๆนๅ่ฟ็งๆ ๅตใ[69]
้ๆณๆฏๅไบคๆ
็ผ่พไปๅฅๆฏ่พพ้ปๅ ๅบๅฃๅฐๆฌงๆดฒ็่ ่็ปๅธธ่ขซ็จไฝๆฏๅ่ตฐ็ง็ๆฉๆคๅทฅๅ ท๏ผๅ ถ้่ฃ ็ฎฑๅจไปปไฝไธไธชๅฐๆน้ฝ่ขซไพ่กๆฃๆผใ[70]
ๆฉๅฑๅฐไฟๆคๅบ
็ผ่พๅจๅฅๆฏ่พพ้ปๅ ๏ผ่ ่็งๆคๅทฒๆฉๅฑๅฐ้ฉฌๆๅ ใ Corredor Fronterizo, Barra del ColoradoๅCaรฑo Negro้็ๅจ็ฉไฟๆคๅบ๏ผ้ฝไฝไบ่ฏฅๅฝๅ้จใๅจ1996ๅนด็ฏๅข็็ฎกๆบๆ (Setena) ๆ็ซไนๅ๏ผ็ฑไบ่ฟไบๆฏไฟๆคๅบ่ไธๆฏๅฝๅฎถๅ ฌๅญ๏ผๅ ๆญคๅ ่ฎธ่ฟ่กๆ้ๅๅ้็ๅฏๆ็ปญๆดปๅจ๏ผไฝๆฏ่ ่็งๆคๅญๆฏๅทฅไธ็ป่ฅ๏ผๅ ถไธญ่ฎธๅคๆฒกๆๅจไฟๆคๅบๅ ็ป่ฅ็้ๅฝ่ฎธๅฏ่ฏใ่ฏฅๆบๆๅจไฟๆคๅบๅ ๆณจๅไบ็บฆ358.5ๅ ฌ้ ๏ผ1.384ๅนณๆน่ฑ้๏ผ็่ ่็งๆคๅญ๏ผไฝ2018ๅนด็ๅซๆๅพๅๆฅๅ็งฐ็บฆๆ1,659ๅ ฌ้ ๏ผ6.41ๅนณๆน่ฑ้๏ผใ[71]
ๅ่ฆ
็ผ่พๅ่ๆ็ฎ
็ผ่พ- ^ ไธญๅฝๆค็ฉๅฟ (PDF) 13(3). ็งๅญฆๅบ็็คพ. 1997: 065 [2024-02-27].
ๅคๆขจไฟ็งฐ่ ่
- ^ ๅฐ็ฃ่พฒๆฅญ้จ. ้ณณๆขจ. ่พฒๆฅญ็ฅ่ญๅ ฅๅฃ็ถฒ. 2025-03-14 [2025-03-14]. ๏ผๅๅงๅ ๅฎนๅญๆกฃไบ2024-09-08๏ผ โ้่ฟ่พฒๆฅญ้จ.
- ^ Pineapple production in 2016, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists). UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2017 [2018-02-23]. ๏ผๅๅงๅ ๅฎนๅญๆกฃไบ2017-05-11๏ผ.
- ^ ็ๆๆ. ๅคๆฅไฝ็ฉๅฆไฝๅฝฑๅไธญๅฝไบบ็็ๆดป. ไธญๅฝๅๅฒ. ๆ . 2018, 37 (2): 3โ14. ISSNย 1000-4459.
- ^ ็ๅฃซ็ฆ ใๅ็้ค่ฉฑยทๅทไธใ๏ผ่บ็ฃ็ฉ็ขๅค็ฐไธญๅใๆๆฑ้กๅคชๅฎๅญซๆนๅๅ ่กกใ่ตคๅต้ใๆ้ๆๆณข็พ ่ใใ็ๅฆ็ฑณ๏ผ้ ไธญๅๅๆธๆฟ๏ผไผผ่ฎ็ฃๆฑ็ใๅ ถ่ฒ้ป๏ผๅ ถๅณ็๏ผๆฟๅไธๅฏฆ๏ผ็ ฎ้ฃไผผๆ ใใ้ณณๆขจใใ้้ซๆ็ซ ๏ผๆฑๅนน่็๏ผ่่ช้ ๅบ๏ผๆฃฎ่ฅ้ณณๅฐพ๏ผๅ ถ่ฒๆทก้ปใใ้ฆๆใใ่ฑๆ้ฌ๏ผ็ก็ฃ๏ผ่ฒ็ฝ๏ผๅ ถๅฏฆไธญ็ฉบ๏ผๅ งๅฆ่ ไธธใใ็พกๅญใใไฟๆฐ็ช่๏ผๆไฝๆชจใๅ ถ็จฎไบไฝๅๆๅณใใๅๆก่ฑใใ่ฒ็ด ๅฆ็ซ๏ผ่ๅๆกๅใใ็ช่่ใใ่ฑๅๅฑค๏ผๅคงๅฆ่ใใ้ตๆจน่ฑใใ็ๅฆ็ซน็ตฒ็็ฑ ๏ผๅปฃๅผตๅ็ฃ๏ผ็ฃๅไธ่ฑใใ่ด่ถ่ฑๆจนใๆ่ฑใใ่ๅข็ๅฆๅธถ๏ผ้ไบๅฏธ่จฑ๏ผๆ็ๆน็ญณ่๏ผ่ฑ้ซไบๅฐบ่จฑ๏ผ่ฑ่ฒ็ด็ดซ๏ผๅจๆณ่ฏๅฏบ๏ผไบฆ่ฅฟๆน็จฎใใๅๆๆข ใใ่ฒ็ด ๏ผๅ้๏ผๅญ่ฝใใ็ด ็นกๆฏฌใ้ป็พไบบ่ใ่ฟๅนด่ใใ่็ง่ฑ็ก็ฐ๏ผๆ็ดซ่ฒไธ็จฎ๏ผ้ๆญทๅฌๆฅใใ็ณๆฆด่ฑใใ่ๆ้ใใๆฐๅฉฆๅผใใ้ญๅ๏ผ็ๆฌ้ฎฎ่ฅ๏ผ็ๅๆณ็ธฎใใ้ฃ็ฑ้ญใใๅณๆฏๆฒ็ๆๅ๏ผๅ ฉ็ฟผๅฐๅญ๏ผๆผไบบๆธ็ไปฅๅพ ๏ผๅ็ต้ฃ้ฃๅ ฅ่ไธญใใ้ธๅฅ้ญใใ้ณฅๅ็ด ่ฒ๏ผๅจ่บซ็็ถ ใใ็ฟ (๎ฝ่งฃ)ใใ่ฒๅฆ็ฟ ็พฝใใๆตท้พใใ้ ญ้ฌฃๅฆ้พๅฝข๏ผ็ก็็ช๏ผๅฌๆฅ้่บ็ไธ๏ผไปฅไนๅ ฅ่ฅ๏ผๅๅๆตท้ฆฌ๏ผ็ขๆพๆนๆพณใใ
- ^ ้ญๆบ ใๆตทๅๅๅฟยทๅท013ใ๏ผใๆฏๆ็ตฑ็ดๅณใๆฐ๏ผไธๅคงๅณถไน่ณ็็บๅ็ฆ๏ผๅณ่ๅๅทดไนใ็ข็ฑณ่ถณๆทๆฌๅณถไน็จ๏ผ่กๆคใ็็ชฉใ็ฟ ็พฝใ็ฝ็ณใ็ถฟ่ฑใๅๅกใ่ๆจใๆจ้ ญ็ญ่ฒจ๏ผๅๆจฃๆๅฏฆ่ๅญใๆคฐๅญใๆชณๆฆใๆๆฆดใๆๅญใๆณข่ฟใ่ ่ฟๅญใ่ๆใๆฉใๆก็ญๆโฆโฆ
- ^ ๏ผๆธ ๏ผ็้ก็ฅบ่พ ใๅฐๆนๅฃถๆ่ๅฐไธ้ ็ฌฌ19ๅใๆญๅทๅค็ฑไนฆๅบ1985ๅนดๅฝฑๅฐ็ ็ฌฌ956้กต
- ^ 8.0 8.1 ้ณๆทๅ ใๅถ็ช่ญๅปณๅฟใ๏ผ้ณณๆขจ๏ผ่ไผผ่ฒ่้๏ผๅ ฉๆๆๅบ๏ผๆ็ๅขๅฟ๏ผ็ฎไผผๆณข็พ ่๏ผ่่ฒ้ปๅณ้ ธ็๏ผๅๆ็ๆ๏ผๆซๆ่ไธ็ฐ๏ผๅ ๅฝขไผผ้ณณ๏ผๆ ๅ๏ผๅ ถ่ฌไน้ปๆขจ่ ๏ผไปฅๅ ถ่ฒไน๏ผๅ ถ่ฌไน็ๆขจ่ ๏ผไปฅๅ ถๅคงไน๏ผ่ญๆ็จฎไธๅ่บๅ็บไฝณ๏ผ
- ^ ๅงๆๆฃ ใ็็่ชช็ฅใ๏ผ็ฉ็ข๏ผๆไบ็ฉใ่ฌ่ใ็้ ใ็่ใ็ ็ณใ่่ฏใ่ๅฏฆใ่ฑ่ฑใ่ฝ่ฑ็ใๆจๆฃ็ดฐๅธใ็ดฐไธๅธใ้บปๅธใ่ญ่ๅธใ่ๅธญใๅฑฑ่ใๆฃๆซใ่้ตใไฝๆกใ้ๆตทๆฃ ใ้็กไธนใ่ฌๅนด้ใไปไบบๆใๆซงๆกใ้ณณๆขจใ็ๆจใ่ตคๆจใ้ปๆจใ่บ็ณใ็ใ้ฆฌใ่ฑฌใ้นฟใ็ฟใๅ ็ญใ
- ^ ่กๅฏๅกต็ผ่พ. ๆธ ๅญฃ้ๅฒ ็ฌฌไบ็ผ[M]. 1913 ็ฌฌ(็พไบ-็พไธ)102-103้กต
- ^ ่พๆบ ๏ผไธใไธๅ๏ผ[M]. 1915 ็ฌฌ(ๅทณ ๅ ญไธ)1442้กต
- ^ ่ฌ้้พ ่บ็ฃ็ซนๆ่ฉ๏ผๅ็คๅ ้ๅฐๆณข็พ ๏ผ็ฒ็ฒ้ๅฟๅทฒ็ ด็ช ใ้ณณๅฐพ่ญ็็บๅญ่ฝ๏ผไธ่ฉ็ถ ็ฎฌๅฉ่ ปๅฉใใ่ฅฟไบบ่ช๏ผไปฅๆณข็พ ่็บๅคฉๆณข็พ ๏ผ้ปๆขจ็บๅฐๆณข็พ ใๆชณๆฆๆจน้ซๆธไธ๏ผๅคง้กๆ ๆซ๏ผ่่้ณณๅฐพ๏ผๅญๅซ็ฒๅฆ้ๅฟ๏ผๅ ถๆฎผๅณๅคง่ นไนใไธใๅ ซๆๅทฒๆผธๆกใ
- ^ ๅญๆกฃๅฏๆฌ. [2023-02-15]. ๏ผๅๅงๅ ๅฎนๅญๆกฃไบ2023-02-15๏ผ.
- ^ ้ปๆขจ pineapple. ๆฐๅ ๅกๅ่ฏญ่ตๆๅบ. ๆจๅนฟๅ่ฏญ็ไบไผ.
- ^ https://www.yngdieng.org/w/CgQzM0ND
- ^ ใๅฐ็ฃๅบๅฟใ-ๅทไธใ้ขจๅๅฟใๆไนๅฑฌ๏ผใ่ ่ฟ่ไผผ่ฒ่้๏ผๅ ฉๆๆๅบใๆ็ๆผๅขๅฟไธญ๏ผ็ฎไผผๆณข็พ ่๏ผ่ฒ้ป๏ผๅณใ้ ธ็ใใๆๆซๆ่ไธ็ฐ๏ผๅฏๅฆๆ้ณณ๏ผๆ ๅไนใ๏ผๅไธๆฎตๅณ็บๆณข็พ ่๏ผใๆณข็พ ่ไบฆ่ท่ญๅ็งปไพ่ ใๅฏฆ็ๆผๆจนๅนนไธ๏ผ็ฎไผผๅฆไพ้ ๏ผๅ่้ฃ๏ผใ็ๅฆ่ใใ
- ^ ่ๆฅๆฆฎ็ทจ่ญฏ๏ผใๅๆข็ฆ็พๆฉๆฒ๏ผ่ท่ญ็ญ่จใ๏ผ้ 140ใ
- ^ ่บ็ฃ้ณณๆขจ็ฝ้ ญ็ๅตๅงไบบ๏ผๅฒกๆๅบๅคช้ - ๆ็้ซ้๏ฝๆญทๅฒ่็พๅจ. 2019-03-11 [2022-10-05]. ๏ผๅๅงๅ ๅฎนๅญๆกฃไบ2021-04-16๏ผ ๏ผไธญๆ๏ผ่บ็ฃ๏ผ๏ผ.
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- ^ ไปฅ่ไปฃ็ฎโโ้ณณๆขจ่่ฎๅธๆ, ใๆๅ็ๅณถใ, ๅ ฌๅ ฑ้ป่ฆ, 2023ๅนด5ๆ29ๆฅ.
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็ผ่พ
- ้ณณๆขจ, Fengli ๏ผ้กต้ขๅญๆกฃๅคไปฝ๏ผๅญไบไบ่็ฝๆกฃๆก้ฆ๏ผ ่ฅ็จๆค็ฉๅๅๆธๆๅบซ๏ผ้ฆๆธฏๆตธๆๅคงๅญธไธญ้ซ่ฅๅญธ้ข๏ผ๏ผ็น้ซไธญๆ๏ผ๏ผ่ฑๆ๏ผ
- Pineapple Nutrition facts ๏ผ้กต้ขๅญๆกฃๅคไปฝ๏ผๅญไบไบ่็ฝๆกฃๆก้ฆ๏ผ
