Sejarah anarkisme 📖 Wikipedia

Sejarah anarkisme adalah istilah yang ambigu, sama seperti anarkisme itu sendiri. Para ahli kesulitan untuk mendefinisikan apa yang dimaksud anarkisme dan sejarahnya. Ada berbagai pandangan tentang hal ini, mulai dari anarkisme menjadi gerakan yang jelas pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20, sementara lainnya mengidentifikasikan sifat-sifat anarkis jauh sebelum peradaban pertama ada.

Komunitas prasejarah ada tanpa hierarki formal, sama seperti prinsip-prinsip anarkis. Jejak pertama pemikiran anarkis dapat ditemukan di Yunani dan Cina Kuno di mana banyak filsuf yang mempermasalahkan kebutuhan akan negara dan menyatakan hak moral individu yang memutuskan bagi mereka sendiri. Selama Abad Pertengahan, beberapa sekte agama mendukung pemikiran libertarian. dan pada Zaman Pencerahan, bangkitnya rasionalisme dan sains menandakan lahirnya gerakan anarkis modern.

Anarkisme modern adalah bagian penting dari gerakan pekerja pada akhir abad ke-19. Modernisme, industrialisasi, reaksi terhadap kapitalisme, dan migrasi massal membantu anarkisme berkembang dan menyebar ke seluruh dunia. Kecenderungan utama anarkisme sebagai gerakan sosial telah diwakili oleh anarko-kolektivisme, anarko-komunisme dan anarko-sindikalisme, dengan anarkisme individualis menjadi fenomena literatur utama. Dengan bertumbuhnya gerakan buruh, bentrokan antara anarkis dan komunis Marxis menjadi tidak terhindarkan. Kedua aliran ini terbelah di kongres kelima Internasional Pertama pada 1872. Peristiwa selanjutnya tidak membantu mengurangi kesenjangan. Anarkis berpartisipasi dengan antusias dalam Revolusi Rusia, tetapi begitu kelompok Bolshevik mengukuhkan kekuasaannya, kelompok anarkis ditekan dengan kejam terutama di Kronstadt dan Ukraina. Momen paling menonjol dari anarkisme adalah Perang Saudara Spanyol yang berakhir dengan kekalahan anarkis dan seukutunya. Anarkisme sebagai gerakan tampak mati setelah Perang Dunia II.

Namun, pada 1960-an mereka muncul kembali dalam berbagai bentuk, khususnya dalam gerakan antiglobalisasi. Bersama dengan tren anarkisme klasik, semakin banyak kelompok akar rumput yang mengadopsi cara organisasi yang anarkistik.

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Avrich, Paul (1984). The Haymarket Tragedy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00600-0.
Avrich, Paul (2005). Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-04494-1.
Avrich, Paul (2006). The Russian Anarchists. Stirling: AK Press. ISBN 978-1-904859-48-2.
Barclay, Harold B. (1990). People without government: an anthropology of anarchy. Kahn & Averill. ISBN 978-1-871082-16-6.
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Bantman, Constance (2019). "The Era of Propaganda by the Deed". Dalam Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
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Berry, David (1999). "'Fascism or Revolution!' Anarchism and Antifascism in France, 1933-39". Contemporary European History. 8 (1): 51–71. doi:10.1017/S0960777399000132. JSTOR 20081690.
Berry, David (2019). "Anarchism and 1968". Dalam Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
Billington, James H. (1999). Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-1401-0.
Birchall, Ian (2004). Sartre Against Stalinism. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-57181-542-2.
Bolloten, Burnett (1984). The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-1906-7.
Bookchin, Murray (1995). "2. Individualist Anarchism and Reaction". Social Anarchism Or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm. AK Press. ISBN 978-1-873176-83-2. ;
Carlson, Andrew (1972). "Philosophical Egoism: German Antecedents". Anarchism in Germany. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-0484-5.
Conversi, Daniele (2016-05-09). "Anarchism, Modernism, and Nationalism: Futurism's French Connections, 1876–1915". The European Legacy. 21 (8). Informa UK Limited: 791–811. doi:10.1080/10848770.2016.1180864. ISSN 1084-8770.
Critchley, Simon (2013). Infinitely Demanding: Ethics of Commitment, Politics of Resistance. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-78168-017-9.
Crone, Patricia (2000). "Ninth-Century Muslim Anarchists" (PDF). Past & Present. 167: 3–28. doi:10.1093/past/167.1.3. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2020-08-28. Diakses tanggal 2019-05-22. ;
D'Agostino, Anthony (2019). "Anarchism and Marxism in the Russian Revolution". Dalam Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
de Acosta, Alejandro (2009). "Two undecidable questions for thinking in which anything goes". Dalam Randall Amster (ed.). Contemporary Anarchist Studies: An Introductory Anthology of Anarchy in the Academy. Luis Fernandez, Abraham DeLeon. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47402-3. ;
Dirlik, Arif (1991). Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07297-8.
Dirlik, Arif (2010). "Anarchism and the Question of Place: Thoughts from the Chinese experience". Dalam Steven Hirsch; Lucien van der Walt (ed.). Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-9004188488.
Dodson, Edward (2002). The Discovery of First Principles: Volume 2. AuthorHouse. hlm. 312. ISBN 978-0-595-24912-1.
Dupuis-Déri, Francis (2019). "From the Zapatistas to Seattle: The 'New Anarchists'". Dalam Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
Edwards, Stewart (1969). Selected Writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. Anchor Books.
Engel, Barbara (2000). Mothers and Daughters. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. hlm. 140. ISBN 978-0-8101-1740-2.
Evren, Süreyyya; Kinna, Ruth (2015). "George Woodcock: The Ghost Writer of Anarchism". Anarchist Studies. 23 (1).
Fiala, Andrew (2013). "Political Skepticism and Anarchist Themes in the American Tradition". European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy. V-2 (2). doi:10.4000/ejpap.545.
Firth, Rhiannon (2019). "Utopianism and Intentional Communities". Dalam Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
Foner, Philip Sheldon (1986). May day: a short history of the international workers' holiday, 1886–1986. New York: International Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7178-0624-9.
Foster, William E. (1886). Town government in Rhode Island. Diakses tanggal 23 December 2008 – via Internet Archive.
Goldman, Emma (2003). "Preface". My Disillusionment in Russia. New York: Dover Publications. hlm. xx. ISBN 978-0-486-43270-0.
Goodway, David (2006). Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward. PM Press. ISBN 978-1-60486-221-8. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
Goodway, David (2013). For Anarchism (RLE Anarchy). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-03756-7.
Graeber, David; Grubacic, Andrej (2004). "ZNet - Anarchism, Or The Revolutionary Movement Of The Twenty-first Century". Znet. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2008-03-17. Diakses tanggal 2019-01-31. ;
Graham, Robert (2005). "Preface". Anarchism: a Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas: from Anarchy to Anarchism. Montréal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 978-1-55164-250-5.
Graham, Robert (2019). "Anarchism and the First International". Dalam Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
Holborow, Marnie (1993-01-01). "Daring But Divided". Socialist Review. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2013-07-29. Diakses tanggal 2019-01-24. ;
Joll, James (1975). The anarchists. Επίκουρος(Greek edition). ISBN 9780674036413. ;
Jun, Nathan J.; Wahl, Shane (2010). New Perspectives on Anarchism. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7391-3241-8.
Hutton, John G. (2004). Neo-Impressionism and the Search for Solid Ground: Art, Science, and Anarchism in Fin-de-siecle France. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-1823-8.
Katz, Jonothan (1976). Gay American History. The Hearst Corporation. ISBN 978-0-380-40550-3.
Kinna, Ruth; Prichard, Alex (2009). "Anarchism Past, present, and utopia". Dalam Randall Amster (ed.). Contemporary Anarchist Studies: An Introductory Anthology of Anarchy in the Academy. Luis Fernandez, Abraham DeLeon. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47402-3. ;
Laursen, Ole Birk (2019). "Anti-Imperialism". Dalam Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
Levy, Carl (2011-05-08). "Social Histories of Anarchism". Journal for the Study of Radicalism. 4 (2): 1–44. doi:10.1353/jsr.2010.0003. ISSN 1930-1197.
Long, Roderick T. (2013). Gerald F. Gaus; Fred D'Agostino (ed.). The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87456-4.
Marshall, Peter H. (1993). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. Fontana. ISBN 978-0-00-686245-1.
Mbah, Sam; Igariwey, I. E. (1997). African Anarchism: The History of a Movement. See Sharp Press. ISBN 978-1-884365-05-8.
McElroy, Wendy (2003). "The Debates of Liberty: An Overview of Individualist Anarchism, 1881-1908". Literature of Liberty: A Review of Contemporary Liberal Thought. Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739104736.
McKinley, C. Alexander (2019). "The French Revolution and 1848". Dalam Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
McLaughlin, Paul (2007). Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-18151-4.
Montgomery, Robert H. (1960). Sacco-Vanzetti: The Murder and the Myth. New York: Devin-Adair.
Moya, Jose C (2015). "Transference, culture, and critique The Circulation of Anarchist Ideas and Practices". Dalam Geoffroy de Laforcade (ed.). In Defiance of Boundaries: Anarchism in Latin American History. Kirwin R. Shaffer. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-5138-3.
Nettlau, Max (1996). A Short History of Anarchism. Freedom Press. ISBN 978-0-900384-89-9.
Nomad, Max (1966). "The Anarchist Tradition". Dalam Drachkovitch, Milorad M. (ed.). Revolutionary Internationals 1864 1943. Stanford University Press. hlm. 88. ISBN 978-0-8047-0293-5.
Ossar, Michael (1980). Anarchism in the Dramas of Ernst Toller: The Realm of Necessity and the Realm of Freedom. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-393-1.
Pengam, Alain (1987). "Anarchist-Communism". Dalam Rubel Maximilien; Crump John (ed.). Non-Market Socialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312005245.
Pernicone, Nunzio (2016). Italian Anarchism, 1864-1892. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-63268-1.
Pugliese, Stanislao G. (13 January 2004). Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and the Resistance in Italy: 1919 to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-7971-2.
Ramnath, Maia (2019). "Non-Western Anarchisms and Postcolonialism". Dalam Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2. ;
Rapp, John A. (9 August 2012). Daoism and Anarchism: Critiques of State Autonomy in Ancient and Modern China. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-3223-9. ;
Roslak, Robyn S. (1991). "The Politics of Aesthetic Harmony: Neo-Impressionism, Science, and Anarchism". The Art Bulletin. 73 (3). JSTOR: 381–390. doi:10.2307/3045811. ISSN 0004-3079. JSTOR 3045811.
Ross, Carne (2019). "Preface". Dalam Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
Rupert, Mark (2006). Globalization and International Political Economy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. hlm. 66. ISBN 978-0-7425-2943-4.
Ryley, Constance (2019). "Individualism". Dalam Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
Schofield, Malcolm (July 1999). The Stoic Idea of the City. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-74006-5.
Sheehan, Seán (2003). Anarchism. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-169-3.
Skirda, Alexandre (2002). Facing the Enemy: A History of Anarchist Organization from Proudhon to May 1968. AK Press in conjunction with Kate Sharpley Library. ISBN 978-1-902593-19-7.
Schmidt, Michael; van der Walt, Lucien (2009). "Still fanning the flames: An interview with Michael Schmidt and Lucien van der Walt - Revolution by the Book : The AK Press Blog". revolutionbythebook.akpress.org. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2009-12-21. Diakses tanggal 2019-01-16. ;
Sochen, June (1972). The New Woman: Feminism in Greenwich Village, 1910-1920. Quadrangle Books. ISBN 978-0-8129-0257-0.
Thomas, Paul (1985). Karl Marx and the Anarchists. London: Routledge/Kegan Paul. hlm. 142. ISBN 978-0-7102-0685-5.
Thomas, Hugh (2001). The Spanish Civil War. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-101161-5.
Turcato, Davide (2019). "Anarchist Communism". Dalam Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.
White, Stephen (2001). Communism and Its Collapse. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-24423-7.
Wilbur, Shawn P. (2019). "Mutualism". Dalam Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Cham. hlm. 429–448. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_25. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6. Pemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi tanpa penerbit (link)
Woodcock, G. (1962). Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Melbourne: Penguin.
Yeoman, James Michael (2019). "The Spanish Civil War". Dalam Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Cham. hlm. 429–448. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_25. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6. Pemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi tanpa penerbit (link)
Zimmer, Kenyon (2019). "Haymarket and the Rise of Syndicalism". Dalam Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2.

Sumber tersier (ensiklopedia & kamus)

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Fiala, Andrew (2017-10-03). "Anarchism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Diakses tanggal 14 January 2019.
Forman, Michael (13 April 2009). Immanuel Ness (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest, 8 Volume Set: 1500 to the Present. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-4051-8464-9.
Lehning, Arthur (2003). "Anarchism". Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal September 2006. Diakses tanggal 2018-12-23. ; ;
(Inggris) Entri Max Stirner di Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Miller, Martin A.; Woodcock, George; Dirlik, Arif; Rosemont, Franklin (14 September 2018). "Anarchism". Encyclopedia Britannica. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 14 September 2018. Diakses tanggal 21 December 2018. The current version of Anarchism in Britanicca
Miller, David (1991). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-631-17944-3.
(Inggris) Entri William Godwin di Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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