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Nichifor Crainic (pengucapan bahasa Rumania:ย [niหcifor หkrajnik]; pseudonim Ion Dobre [iหon หdobre];[1] 22 Desember 1889ย โย 20 Agustus 1972) adalah seorang penulis, penyunting, filsuf dan teolog Rumania yang dikenal karena kegiatan tradisionalisnya. Crainic juga merupakan profesor teologi di Seminari Teologi Bucharest dan Fakultas Teologi Chiศinฤu. Ia adalah seorang ideolog rasis,[2][3][4] dan politikus sayap kanan jauh.[5] Ia adalah salah satu fasis Rumania utama[6] dan ideolog antisemit.[2][7][8][9][10]
Catatan
sunting- ^ Ioniศoiu, Cicerone (2002). "Dicศionar C" (PDF). Victimele terorii comunisteย : arestaศi, torturaศi, รฎntemniศati, uciศi (dalam bahasa Rumania). Vol.ย 2. Bucharest, Romania: Editura Maศina de Scris. hlm.ย 245. ISBNย 978-973-99994-2-7. OCLCย 46872499.
- ^ a b Clark, Roland (2012). "Nationalism and orthodoxy: Nichifor Crainic and the political culture of the extreme right in 1930s Romania". Nationalities Papers. 40 (1). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 107โ126. doi:10.1080/00905992.2011.633076. ISSNย 0090-5992. S2CIDย 153813255.
The institute only lasted one year, but allowed Crainic to advance ideas such as anti-Masonry, anti-Semitism, and biological racism within an LANC-approved forum (Crainic, Ortodoxie 147).
- ^ Caraiani, Ovidiu (2003). "Identities and Rights in Romanian Political Discourse". Polish Sociological Review (142). Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne (Polish Sociological Association): 161โ169. ISSNย 1231-1413. JSTORย 41274855.
Nae Ionescu considered ethnicity as "the formula of today's Romanian nationalism," while for Nichifor Crainic the "biological homogeneousness," the "historical identity" and the "blood and the soil" were the defining elements of the "ethnocratic state."
- ^ Wedekind, Michael (2010). "The mathematization of the human being: anthropology and ethno-politics in Romania during the late 1930s and early 1940s". New Zealand Slavonic Journal. 44. Australia and New Zealand Slavistsโ Association: 27โ67. ISSNย 0028-8683. JSTORย 41759355.
A prominent proponent of the concept of 'ethnic homogeneity' was the chauvinistic, xenophobic and pro-Nazi writer, politician, poet and professor of Theology Nichifor Crainic (1889-1972), author of "Orthodoxy and Ethnocracy" (Ortodoxie ศi etnocraศie), published in 1938.
- ^ Livezeanu, Irina (2003). "Reviews of Books:Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania Maria Bucur". The American Historical Review. 108 (4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 1245โ1247. doi:10.1086/529946. ISSNย 0002-8762. JSTORย 10.1086/529946.
Clearly there were affinities between the eugenicists and thinkers, writers, and politicians on the extreme Right such as Nichifor Crainic, Nae Ionescu, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, Octavian Goga, and A.C. Cuza.
- ^ Ioanid, Radu (1992). "Nicolae Iorga and Fascism". Journal of Contemporary History. 27 (3). Sage Publications, Ltd.: 467โ492. doi:10.1177/002200949202700305. ISSNย 0022-0094. JSTORย 260901. S2CIDย 159706943.
Amongst those arrested for Duca's assassination were Nae Ionescu and Nichifor Crainic (a fascist ideologue, mediator between the NCP and the Iron Guards).
- ^ Friling, Tuvia; Ioanid, Radu; Ionescu, Mihail E., ed. (2004). "Antisemitic Propaganda and Official Rhetoric concerning the Judeo-Bolshevik Danger: Romanian Jews and Communism between 1938โ1944" (PDF). International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania: Final Report. Iaศi: Polirom. hlm.ย 93, 116. ISBNย 978-973-681-989-6.
- ^ Friling, Tuvia; Ioanid, Radu; Ionescu, Mihail E., ed. (2004). "Background and Precursors to the Holocaust. Roots of Romanian Antisemitism. The League of National Christian Defense and Iron Guard Antisemitism. The Antisemitic Policies of the Goga Government and the Royal Dictatorship" (PDF). International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania: Final Report. Iaศi: Polirom. hlm.ย 35โ37. ISBNย 978-973-681-989-6.
- ^ Zach, Cornelius R.; Zach, Krista (2010). "Dietmar Mรผller Staatsbรผrger auf Widerruf. Juden und Muslime als Alteritรคtspartner im rumรคnischen und serbischen Nationscode. Ethnonationale Staatsbรผrgerschaftskonzepte 1871โ1941. Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden 2005. = Balkanologische Verรถffentlichungen, 41. ISBN: 3-447-05248-1". Jahrbรผcher fรผr Geschichte Osteuropas. Neue Folge (dalam bahasa Jerman). 58 (4): 609โ611. ISBNย 978-3-515-11333-5. Diakses tanggal 27 March 2019.
Die ideologischen Mentoren der "jungen Generation", Nae Ionescu und Nichifor Crainic, lieferten den Antisemiten (besonders der legionรคren Bewegung) ein theoretisches Gerรผst fรผr ihre Argumentation.
- ^ Deletant, Dennis (1993). "Reviewed Works: A Providential Anti-Semitism. Nationalism and Polity in Nineteenth-Century Romania by William O. Oldson; The Case of Romanian Intellectuals in the 1930s by Leon Volovici". The Slavonic and East European Review. 71 (3). Modern Humanities Research Association: 546โ548. ISSNย 0037-6795. JSTORย 4211337.
Volovici's study is a complementary one; it examines competently the role of the Romanian intelligentsia in the inter-war years in legitimizing anti-Semitic ideas and thus facilitating public acceptance of them. Octavian Goga and Nichifor Crainic were extreme examples and Volovici rightly highlights their deeds and writings.
Referensi
sunting- Roland Clark (2012): Nationalism and orthodoxy: Nichifor Crainic and the political culture of the extreme right in 1930s Romania, Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, 40:1, 107-126
- Peter F. Sugar, Eastern European Nationalism in the Twentieth Century, University Press of America, 1995 (includes transcript of Crainic's essay)
- The Report of the International Committee for the Study of Holocaust in Romania (on the Romanian Presidency site) - a review of the several Anti-Semitic doctrines, including Crainic's, that contributed to genocide of the Holocaust.
