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| Other names | iso-DMT; N,N-Dimethylisotryptamine; iso-N,N-DMT; N,N-Dimethylaminoisotryptamine; Dimethylaminoisotryptamine |
| Drug class | Non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist; Psychoplastogen |
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| Formula | C12H16N2 |
| Molar mass | 188.274ย gยทmolโ1 |
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isoDMT, also known as N,N-dimethylisotryptamine, is a putatively non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist and psychoplastogen of the isotryptamine group.[1][2][3][4][5][6] It is the isotryptamine homologue of dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a more well-known serotonergic psychedelic of the tryptamine family, and represents a small structural modification of DMT.[2][3][6]
Pharmacology
editPharmacodynamics
editisoDMT does not produce hallucinogen-like stimulus generalization in animal drug discrimination tests and similarly does not produce the head-twitch response, an animal behavioral proxy of psychedelic-like effects.[1][2][4][6] As such, it is not expected to be hallucinogenic in humans.[1][2][4][6] However, isoDMT retains significant activity at the serotonin 5-HT2 receptors and shows psychoplastogenic effects comparable to those of serotonergic psychedelics in preclinical research.[7][6][8][9] Its affinities (Ki) for the serotonin 5-HT2 receptors have been reported to be 600โ650ย nM for 5-HT2A and 720ย nM at 5-HT2C.[9]
Chemistry
editAnalogues
editSeveral derivatives of isoDMT have been developed, including the non-hallucinogenic psychoplastogens 5-MeO-isoDMT and zalsupindole (DLX-001; AAZ-A-154; (R)-5-MeO-ฮฑ-methyl-isoDMT) and the hallucinogen and psychoplastogen 6-MeO-isoDMT.[1][10][7][6] Zalsupindole has shown antidepressant-like effects in animals, thought to be secondary to its psychoplastogenic actions, and is under development for potential medical use to treat neuropsychiatric disorders like depression.[1][11][12][13] Another analogue of isoDMT is ฮฑ-methylisotryptamine (isoAMT), the isotryptamine homologue of ฮฑ-methyltryptamine (AMT).[14][15][16]
History
editisoDMT and its derivatives were first described in the scientific literature by 1984.[1][8][10] They were subsequently further characterized in 2020.[7][6]
See also
edit- Substituted isotryptamine
- Substituted tryptamine ยง Related compounds
- Non-hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonist
- 2ZEDMA
- C-DMT
- S-DMT
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Duan W, Cao D, Wang S, Cheng J (January 2024). "Serotonin 2A Receptor (5-HT2AR) Agonists: Psychedelics and Non-Hallucinogenic Analogues as Emerging Antidepressants". Chemical Reviews. 124 (1): 124โ163. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00375. PMIDย 38033123.
The isoDMT derivatives, first introduced in [1984] by Glennon et al., also represent a group of nonhallucinogenic 5-HT2AR agonists. For example, compounds isoDMT (22) and 5-OMe-isoDMT (24) have been identified as nonhallucinogenic in the drug discrimination test.139 Along that line, the Olson group [in 2020] reported a series of isoDMT compounds as a family of psychoplastogens, being able to promote neuronal growth.143 [...] they have identified compound AAZ-A-154 (31) as a nonhallucinogenic compound [and derivative of isoDMT and 5-MeO-isoDMT] with significant antidepressant effects in mouse models.105
- ^ a b c d Sotille R, Singh H, Weisman A, Vida T (May 2022). "Unraveling the Mysteries of Mental Illness With Psilocybin". Cureus. 14 (5) e25414. doi:10.7759/cureus.25414. PMCย 9233936. PMIDย 35769681.
Proof-of-concept experiments have been successful at structurally transforming ibogaine to tabernanthalog (TBG) [88] and DMT to isoDMT[89]. Both TBG and isoDMT promote neuroplasticity and have anti-addictive and behavioral effects, respectively. Further, both TBG and isoDMT do not induce a head-twitch response in rodents, which correlates well with the hallucinogenic properties of true psychedelics like LSD and psilocin [90].
- ^ a b Kwan AC, Olson DE, Preller KH, Roth BL (November 2022). "The neural basis of psychedelic action". Nature Neuroscience. 25 (11): 1407โ1419. doi:10.1038/s41593-022-01177-4. PMCย 9641582. PMIDย 36280799.
Parallel efforts to improve the scalability of psychedelic-like therapeutics have focused on engineering compounds that lack hallucinogenic/perceptual effects but maintain sustained therapeutic efficacy after a single dose64. [...] Initial work in this area has focused on developing non-hallucinogenic entities (also referred to as non-hallucinogenic psychoplastogens65), such as isoDMT66, TBG67, and AAZ12 by slightly modifying the structures of known hallucinogenic compounds (Figure 1c).
- ^ a b c Atiq MA, Baker MR, Voort JL, Vargas MV, Choi DS (May 2024). "Disentangling the acute subjective effects of classic psychedelics from their enduring therapeutic properties". Psychopharmacology. doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06599-5. PMIDย 38743110.
Structureโactivity relationship (SAR) studies and the redesigning of traditional psychedelics has provided numerous candidate molecules that demonstrate the desired phenotype: lacking hallucinogenic properties but retaining therapeutic value. Dunlap et al. explored this strategy by identifying key features of the psychoplastogen pharmacophore (dimethyltryptamine, DMT) and engineering its derivatives ('isoDMT') capable of dendritogenesis, while lacking HTR responses in mice (Dunlap et al. 2020).
- ^ Banushi B, Polito V (October 2023). "A Comprehensive Review of the Current Status of the Cellular Neurobiology of Psychedelics". Biology. 12 (11): 1380. doi:10.3390/biology12111380. PMCย 10669348. PMIDย 37997979.
However, recent findings suggest that the TrkB-dependent effects of psychedelics on plasticity may be separated from their hallucinogenic-like effects mediated by 5-HT2A receptors [51,199,200]. This suggests the potential to discover compounds or treatment combinations that retain some of the antidepressant effects of psychedelics without the hallucinogenic effects [62,201]. Some of these compounds include isoDMT [202], tabernanthalog [199], AAZ-A-154 [203], and 2-bromo-LSD [204], achieved by modifying the structures of known hallucinogenic compounds.
- ^ a b c d e f g Dunlap LE, Azinfar A, Ly C, Cameron LP, Viswanathan J, Tombari RJ, etย al. (February 2020). "Identification of Psychoplastogenic N,N-Dimethylaminoisotryptamine (isoDMT) Analogues through Structure-Activity Relationship Studies". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 63 (3): 1142โ1155. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01404. PMCย 7075704. PMIDย 31977208.
- ^ a b c Dunlap LE (2022). "Development of Non-Hallucinogenic Psychoplastogens". eScholarship. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
- ^ a b Glennon RA, Jacyno JM, Young R, McKenney JD, Nelson D (January 1984). "Synthesis and evaluation of a novel series of N,N-dimethylisotryptamines". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 27 (1): 41โ45. doi:10.1021/jm00367a008. PMIDย 6581313.
- ^ a b Chang-Fong J, Addo J, Dukat M, Smith C, Mitchell NA, Herrick-Davis K, etย al. (January 2002). "Evaluation of isotryptamine derivatives at 5-HT(2) serotonin receptors". Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 12 (2): 155โ158. doi:10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00713-2. PMIDย 11755343.
- ^ a b Glennon RA, Young R (1987). "The Study of Structure-Activity Relationships Using Drug Discrimination Methodology". Methods of Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp.ย 373โ390. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4812-5_18. ISBNย 978-1-4612-9163-3.
- ^ Rasmussen K, Engel S, Chytil M, Koenig A, Meyer R, Rus M, etย al. (December 2023). "ACNP 62nd Annual Meeting: Poster Abstracts P251 - P500: P361. Preclinical Pharmacology of DLX-001, a Novel Non-Hallucinogenic Neuroplastogen With the Potential for Treating Neuropsychiatric Diseases". Neuropsychopharmacology. 48 (Suppl 1): 211โ354 (274โ275). doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01756-4. PMCย 10729596. PMIDย 38040810.
- ^ "DLX 1". AdisInsight. 11 December 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
- ^ "Delving into the Latest Updates on DLX-001 with Synapse". Synapse. 1 November 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
- ^ Bauer CT (5 July 2014). Determinants of Abuse-Related Effects of Monoamine Releasers in Rats. VCU Scholars Compass (Thesis). doi:10.25772/AN08-SZ65. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
- ^ Banks ML, Bauer CT, Blough BE, Rothman RB, Partilla JS, Baumann MH, etย al. (June 2014). "Abuse-related effects of dual dopamine/serotonin releasers with varying potency to release norepinephrine in male rats and rhesus monkeys". Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 22 (3): 274โ284. doi:10.1037/a0036595. PMCย 4067459. PMIDย 24796848.
- ^ Lyon RA, Titeler M, Seggel MR, Glennon RA (January 1988). "Indolealkylamine analogs share 5-HT2 binding characteristics with phenylalkylamine hallucinogens". European Journal of Pharmacology. 145 (3): 291โ297. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(88)90432-3. PMIDย 3350047.
