An isolating language is a type of language with a morpheme per word ratio close to one, and with no inflectional morphology whatsoever. In the extreme case, each word contains a single morpheme. Examples of widely spoken isolating languages are Yoruba[1] in West Africa and Vietnamese[2][3] (especially its colloquial register) in Southeast Asia.
A closely related concept is that of an analytic language, which uses unbound morphemes or syntactical constructions to indicate grammatical relationships. Isolating and analytic languages tend to overlap in linguistic scholarship.[2]
Isolating languages contrast with synthetic languages, also called inflectional languages, where words often consist of multiple morphemes.[4] Synthetic languages are subdivided into the classifications fusional, agglutinative, and polysynthetic, which are based on how the morphemes are combined.[5]
Explanation
editAlthough historically, languages were divided into three basic types (isolating, inflectional, agglutinative), the traditional morphological types can be categorized by two distinct parameters:
- morpheme per word ratio (how many morphemes there are per word)
- degree of fusion between morphemes (how separable the inflectional morphemes of words are according to units of meaning represented)
A language is said to be more isolating than another if it has a lower morpheme per word ratio.
To illustrate the relationship between words and morphemes, the English term "city" is a single word, consisting of only one morpheme (city). This word has a 1:1 morpheme per word ratio. In contrast, "handshakes" is a single word consisting of three morphemes (hand, shake, -s). This word has a 3:1 morpheme per word ratio. On average, words in English have a morpheme per word ratio substantially greater than one.
It is perfectly possible for a language to have one inflectional morpheme yet more than one unit of meaning. For example, the Russian word vรญdyat/ะฒะธะดัั "they see" has a morpheme per word ratio of 2:1 since it has two morphemes. The root vid-/ะฒะธะด- conveys the imperfective aspect meaning, and the inflectional morpheme -yat/-ัั inflects for four units of meaning (third-person subject, plural subject, present/future tense, indicative mood). Effectively, it has four units of meaning in one inseparable morpheme: -yat/-ัั.
Languages with a higher tendency toward isolation generally exhibit a morpheme-per-word ratio close to 1:1. In an ideal isolating language, visible morphology would be entirely absent, as words would lack any internal structure in terms of smaller, meaningful units called morphemes. Such a language would not use bound morphemes like affixes.
The morpheme-to-word ratio operates on a spectrum, ranging from lower ratios that skew toward the isolating end to higher ratios on the synthetic end of the scale. A larger overall ratio suggests that a language leans more toward being synthetic rather than isolating. [6][7]
Examples
editSome isolating languages include:
- Classical Chinese[8]
- Vietnamese[2][3]
- Yoruba[1]
- Khmer language
- Thai language
- Central Flores languages
- Malay trade and creole languages of Eastern Indonesia, including:[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "A Computerized Identification System for Verb Sorting and Arrangement in a Natural Language: Case Study of the Nigerian Yoruba Language" (PDF). eajournals.org. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
- ^ a b c "Analytic language". Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 July 1998.
- ^ a b "Isolating Language". Glossary of Linguistic Terms. 3 December 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
- ^ Whaley, Lindsay J. (1997). "Chapter 7: Morphemes". Introduction to Typology: The Unity and Diversity of Language. SAGE Publications, Inc. ISBNย 9780803959620.
- ^ "Lecture No. 13". bucknell.edu. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
- ^ "Morphological Typology" (PDF). studiumdigitale.uni-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
- ^ "Polysynthetic language". Japan Module. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
- ^ "Isolating language". Sorosoro. 5 September 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
- ^ Paauw, Scott H. (2009). The Malay contact varieties of eastern Indonesia: A typological comparison (PDF). The State University of New York at Buffalo. OCLCย 6002898562. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ^ Kluge, Angela (2017). A Grammar of Papuan Malay. Studies in Diversity Linguistics 11. Berlin: Language Science Press. p.ย 22. doi:10.5281/zenodo.376415. ISBNย 978-3-944675-86-2.
Further reading
edit- Sapir, Edward (1921). Chapter 6: "Types of linguistic structure". In Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech.
