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| Nyole | |
|---|---|
| Lunyole | |
| Native to | Uganda |
| Region | Butaleja District |
| Ethnicity | Banyole |
Native speakers | 340,000 (2002 census)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | nuj |
| Glottolog | nyol1238 |
JE.35[2] | |
Nyole (also LoNyole, Lunyole, Nyuli) is a Bantu language spoken by the Banyole in Butaleja District, Uganda. There is 61% lexical similarity with a related but different Nyole language in Kenya.
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | g | |
| voiced prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮdʒ | ᵑg | |
| Fricative | voiceless | ɸ | s | x | |
| voiced | β | ||||
| Approximant | w | l~ɾ | j | (w) | |
Nyole has series of voiceless, voiced, and prenasalized stops. /w/ is labio-velar.
Vowels
edit| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Low | a | |
Historical changes
editNyole has an interesting development from Proto-Bantu *p → Nyole /ŋ/. Schadeberg (1989) connects this sound change to rhinoglottophilia, where the sound change developed first as *[p] → [ɸ] → [h]. Then, given the acoustic similarity of [h] and breathy voice to nasalization, the sound change progressed as [h] → [h̃] → [ŋ]. The velar place of articulation development is due to velar nasals being the least perceptible of the nasals and its marginal status in (pre-)Nyole and other Bantu languages. In closely related neighboring languages, *p developed variously into /h/ or /w/ or was deleted.
This historical development results in so-called "crazy" alternations, like /n/ + /ŋ/ resulting in /p/ as in the following:
- n-ŋuliira ("hear" stem form) : puliira "I hear"
- n-ŋumula ("rest" stem form) : pumula "I rest"
In the above two words, when the first person singular subject prefix /n-/ is added to the stem starting with /ŋ/, the initial consonant surfaces as /p/. In other forms (like /oxu-ŋuliira/ "to hear" and /oxu-ŋumula/ "to rest"), the original stem-initial /ŋ/ can be seen.
Writing System
edit| a | aa | b | bb | c | d | e | ee | f | g | h | i | ii | j | k | l | m | n | ny | ŋ | o | oo | p | r | s | t | u | uu | v | w | y | z |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Nyole at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ Lunyole Language Association (2006) Walifu w'Olunyole: Tiny Alphabet & Proverbs Book. Lunyole Language Association and SIL International, Busolwe and Entebbe.[1]
- Eastman, Carol M. (1972). Lunyole of the Bamenya, JAL, 11 (3), 63-78.
- Morris, H. F. (1963). A note on Lunyole. Uganda Journal, 27, 127-134.
- Schadeberg, Thilo C. (1989). The velar nasal in Nyole (E. 35). Annales Aequatoria, 10, 169-179. (Available online).
- Wicks, Douglas (2006) A partial grammar sketch of Lunyole with an emphasis on the applicative construction ([2]).
