| Gryllidae Temporal range:
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| Female Gryllus campestris | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Clade: | Pancrustacea |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Ensifera |
| Superfamily: | Grylloidea |
| Family: | Gryllidae Laicharting, 1781[1] |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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The family Gryllidae contains the subfamilies and genera which entomologists now term true crickets. Having long, whip-like antennae, they belong to the Orthopteran suborder Ensifera, which has been greatly reduced in the last 100 years (e.g. Imms[3]): taxa such as the tree crickets, spider-crickets and their allies, sword-tail crickets, wood or ground crickets and scaly crickets have been moved or elevated to family level.[a] The type genus is Gryllus and the first use of the family name "Gryllidae" was by Francis Walker.[4]
They have a worldwide distribution (except Antarctica).[2] The most familiar field crickets (Gryllinae) are characteristically robust brown or black insects;[5] the largest members of the family are the 5ย cm (2ย in)-long bull crickets (Brachytrupes) which excavate burrows a metre or more deep.
- ^ Many taxa in the Ensifera may be called crickets sensu lato, including the Rhaphidophoridae โ cave or camel crickets; Stenopelmatidae โ Jerusalem or sand crickets; Mogoplistidae โ scaly crickets; Gryllotalpidae โ mole crickets; Anabrus โ Mormon crickets; Myrmecophilidae โ ant crickets; and Tettigoniidae โ the bush crickets or katydids.
Subfamilies
editThe family is divided into these subfamily groups, subfamilies, and extinct genera (not placed within any subfamily):[2]
- Subfamily group Gryllinae Laicharting, 1781 โ common or field crickets
- Gryllinae Laicharting, 1781 (now includes Sclerogryllini Gorochov, 1985)
- Gryllomiminae Gorochov, 1986 monotypic: Gryllomimus Chopard, 1936 (Africa)
- Gryllomorphinae Saussure, 1877
- โ Gryllospeculinae Gorochov, 1985
- โ Araripegryllus Martins-Neto 1987 Crato Formation, Brazil, Aptianย ?Weald Clay, United Kingdom, Hauterivian
- โ Brontogryllus Martins-Neto 1991 Crato Formation, Brazil, Aptian
- โ Gryllospeculum Gorochov 1985 Dzun-Bain Formation, Mongolia, Aptian
- โ Mongolospeculum Gorochov 1985 Dzun-Bain Formation, Mongolia, Aptian
- โ Proararipegryllus Gorochov & Coram, 2022
- Gryllinae incertae sedis
- Capillogryllus Xie, Zheng & Liang, 2003
- โ Cratogryllus Martins-Neto, 1991 Crato Formation, Brazil, Aptian
- Neogryllodes Otte, 1994
- Rhabdotogryllus Chopard, 1954
- โ Sharovella Gorochov, 1985
- Spinogryllus Vasanth, 1993
- โ Trichogryllus Chopard, 1936
- Itarinae Shiraki, 1930
- Landrevinae Gorochov, 1982
- Subfamily Eneopterinae Saussure, 1893 โ bush crickets (American usage), not to be confused with the Tettigoniidae (katydids or bush crickets)
- Subfamily unplaced: most extinct
- genus โ Achetomorpha Gorochov, 2019 Bembridge Marls, United Kingdom, Priabonian
- genus โ Eneopterotrypus โ monotypic Zeuner, 1937 Bembridge Marls, United Kingdom, Priabonian
- genus โ Fanzus โ monotypic Zessin, 2019[6] Fur Formation, Denmark, Ypresian
- genus โ Gryllidium Westwood, 1854
- genus โ Lithogryllites Cockerell, 1908 Florissant Formation, United States, Eocene
- genus Menonia โ monotypic M. cochinensis George, 1936 (tentative placement[7])
- genus โ Nanaripegryllus โ monotypic Martins-Neto, 2002 Crato Formation, Brazil, Aptian
- genus โ Pherodactylus โ monotypic Poinar, Su & Brown, 2020, Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
- genus โ Proeneopterotrypus Gorochov, 2019 โ monotypic โ P. danicus (Rust, 1999) Fur Formation, Denmark, Ypresian
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Laicharting JN von (1781) Verzeichnis und Beschreibung der Tyroler Insecten 1.
- ^ a b c "Family Gryllidae (Laicharting, 1781)". Orthoptera Species File. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
- ^ Imms AD, rev. Richards OW & Davies RG (1970) A General Textbook of Entomology 9th Ed. Methuen 886 pp.
- ^ Walker F (1871) Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum Supplement: 98.
- ^ Resh, Vincent H.; Cardรฉ, Ring T. (2009). Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. pp.ย 232โ236. ISBNย 978-0-08-092090-0.
- ^ Virgo 22. Jahrgang, 2019: ZESSIN, W.: Neue Insekten aus dem Moler (Palรคozรคn/Eozรคn) von Dรคnemark, Teil 4 (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Eumastacidae, Ensifera: Gryllidae; Odonata: Libellulidae: 56-63.
- ^ Orthoptera Species File: genus Menonia George, 1936
