Vellaunus is a Celtic god known from two inscriptions. He was equated to the Roman god Mercury.[1]
Epigraphy
editThe deity Vellaunus is known from two inscriptions.
The first, found at Caerwent, is the base of a state recording the dedication of the statue to:
- [DEO] MARTI LENO
- [S]IVE OCELO VELLAVN ET NVM AVG
- M NONIVS ROMANVS OB
- IMMVNITATEM COLLEGNI
- D D S D
- GLABRIONE ET H[OM]VLO COS D X K SEPT[2]
- "To the god Mars Lenus, otherwise known as Ocelus Vellaunus, and to the Imperial numen, M. Nonius Romanus, by privilege of the college, dedicated this gift using his own funds during the consulship of Glabrio and Homulo ten days before the kalends of September."
Above this base there survives only a pair of human feet and those of a goose.[3] The dedication dates to AD 152. Mars Lenus was a god of the Treveri with great cult centres at Trier and Pommern; Ocelus was a local British deity, to whom another stone was inscribed at Caerwent, and who was also worshipped at Carlisle. Mars Lenus was clearly equated in Britain with other, localised Celtic divinities.
The second inscription dedicated to Vellaunus was located at Hiรจres-sur-Amby in the territory of the Allobroges in southern Gaul. It reads:
- AVG SACR DEO
- MERCVRIO
- VICTORI MAC
- NIACO VEILAVNO
- C CAPITOIVS MACRI
- NVS RESTITVIT[4]
- "To Augustus and the god Mercury the Victor Macniacus Vellaunus, C. Capitojus Macrinus restored this sacred object."
Here Vellaunus occurs as one of several epithets of Mercury.
Name
editThe root uellauno- is attested in compounds of Celtic onomastics. Some examples include toponym Vellaunodunum,[5] and ethnonyms Segovellauni and Catuvellauni, a tribe of southeastern Britain,[6] whose name may also be cognate with Catalauni (Chรขlons-sur-Marne) and Catalaunia (Catalonia).[7]
Individual names include goddess Icovellauna; British leader Cassivellaunos, later famous in Welsh legend as Caswallawn; Vercassivellaunos, Dubnovellaunus[8] and Cadwallon.
Etymology
editThe meaning of uellauno- has been variously interpreted. It has been glossed by Pierre-Henri Billy as "bon" (good);[9] however, Pierre-Yves Lambert derives it from *uelna-mon-, meaning "chef, commandant, dirigeant" (chief, commander, leader). The latter derivation has been accepted as definitive by Xavier Delamarre[7] and accords well with the Latin epithet victor found alongside vellaunus in the Hiรจres inscription. Celticist Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel also translated Vellaunus as "Fรผhrer" ('leader').[10]
References
edit- ^ d'Este, Sorita; Rankine, David (2007). The Isles of the Many Gods: An A-Z of the Pagan Gods & Goddesses of Ancient Britain worshipped during the First Millennium through to the Middle Ages. Avalonia. p.ย 173. ISBNย 978-1-905297-10-8.
- ^ L'Annรฉe รฉpigraphique 1905: 168.
- ^ Aldhouse-Green, Miranda J. (1992). Dictionary of Celtic myth and legend. New York. ISBNย 0-500-01516-3. OCLCย 27148782.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 12: 2373.
- ^ Joseph, Lionel S. (2021). "Varia I: Gaulish divine names Vellaunos and Alaunos, and Old Irish follaithir 'rules'". รriu. 71: 149โ154. doi:10.1353/eri.2021.0005. S2CIDย 258614270.
- ^ Kossinna, Gustaf (1893). "Arminius deutsch?". Indogermanische Forschungen. 2: 174โ184. doi:10.1515/9783110242447.174. S2CIDย 202551708.
- ^ a b Xavier Delamarre (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloiseย : Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental, 2e รฉdition. รditions Errance. ISBNย 2-87772-237-6. p. 310. (in French)
- ^ De Jubainville, H. d'Arbois (1891). "LES NOMS GAULOIS DONT LE DERNIER TERME EST RIX DANS LE "DE BELLO GALLICO" Leรงons faites au Collรจge de France en dรฉcembre 1890 (Suite et fin)". Revue Archรฉologique. 18: 187โ205. JSTORย 41729791.
- ^ Pierre-Henri Billy (1993). Thesaurus linguae Gallicae. Olms-Weidmann. ISBNย 3-487-09746-X. p. 189.
- ^ Stempel, Patrizia de Bernardo (2014). "Keltische รquivalente klassischer Epitheta und andere sprachliche und nicht-sprachliche Phรคnomene im Rahmen der sogenannten 'interpretatio Romana'". Zeitschrift fรผr Celtische Philologie. 61: 7โ48. doi:10.1515/zcph.2014.003. S2CIDย 164850507.
